Hazard anticipation of young novice drivers - SWOV

fixations on the area within the timeframe and the total duration of the
fixations, were included in the database for analyses.
Independent of each other two experimenters listened to the sound
recordings of the participants (what they said while they watched the video
clips and their spoken answers to the questions directly after each video clip)
and scored if participants had recognized the latent hazard or not. The two
experimenters were blind to the participants' condition. The interrater
reliability was substantial, K = .77 p < .001. In the few cases the experimenters
differed, the experimenters listened to the recordings together and came to a
consensus.
The risk assessment and action selection task
With the aid of two experts of CBR, the AOIs of each of the twenty-five
photographs were determined. An area was considered to be an AOI when it
provided information with regard to the decision to brake, release throttle or
do nothing. These areas were the imminent hazards (if there were imminent
hazards in a photograph) and the latent hazards if present (both covert latent
and overt latent). An area in a photograph was an AOI of a covert latent
hazard when it was the area from where possible road users on collision
course could appear. The cause why this possible road user was invisible
(e.g. a parked car) was not part of the AOI of a cover hazard. Two AOIs
where the same on each photograph: the rear-view mirror and the
speedometer. Included in the database were the number of fixations on AOIs
and the total time of the fixation durations in the AOIs.
For each participant a total risk score was calculated. If a response on a
photograph was correct, the score was 0. If the response was 'release throttle'
and the correct response was 'brake' and if the response was 'do nothing' and
the correct response was 'release throttle', the score was 1. If the response
was 'do nothing' and the correct response was 'brake', the score was 2. If the
response was 'brake' and the correct response was 'release throttle' and if the
response was 'release throttle' and the correct response was 'do nothing', the
score was -1. If the response was 'brake' and the correct response was 'do
nothing', the score was -2. For each participant the scores on the twenty-five
items then were totalled. A final score > 0 meant that action selection was too
risky and a final score < 0 meant action selection was too cautious compared
to the scores of the forum of fifteen experts.
Design and analysis
The independent variables were group (young learner drivers, older learner
drivers and the experienced drivers), type of task (hazard detection and
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