Hazard anticipation of young novice drivers - SWOV

group than before the training and after the training, the trained group had
the intention to drive more conservatively in the future than the untrained
group.
A limitation of the study is that participants were tested on an
advanced simulator and not while driving in real traffic. Another limitation
is that retention was not tested as the participants were tested within one
hour after the training.
Finally, in Chapter 7 as in this summary but more extensively, the results of
the literature review on the young novice driver problem, the developed
theory on hazard anticipation and the empirical studies are summarized. In
Chapter 7, the practical implications and possibilities for further research are
also discussed. Based on the research conducted for this thesis, a hazard
anticipation test was included in the theory test of the Dutch driving test for
licence category B (private cars) on March 1, 2009. This test is very similar to
the risk assessment and action selection task presented in Chapter 4 and the
photo task presented in Chapter 5. Although the results indicated that the
photo task had criterion validity, it had some psychometric weaknesses. The
internal consistency of the items was rather low and the ability to
discriminate between learner drivers and experienced drivers was rather
poor compared to the hazard detection and recognition task with oral
responses on open questions as response method. However, oral response on
open questions are not suitable for mass testing. One of the possibilities for
further research is finding a response method for the hazard detection and
recognition task that is suitable for mass testing.
The research conducted for this thesis has also resulted in an effective
simulator-based hazard anticipation training, although it is not yet known if
improvement in visual search for latent hazards endures. If it endures, is a
possibility for further research. The developed simulator-based hazard
anticipation training could be implemented in basic driver training in order
to prepare trainees for the hazard anticipation test in the driving test.
In Chapter 3, it was hypothesised that hazard anticipation has an
emotional and motivational aspect and that this aspect mainly improves with
age. This could not be demonstrated. It could be that this aspect can
demonstrated if physiological arousal is measured (Skin Conductance
Response, heart rate variability, et cetera) or even better, if brain scanning
techniques such as fMRI are applied. This could be done in possible further
research.
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