Hazard anticipation of young novice drivers - SWOV

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Appendix 3 Additional latent hazards used in Study 2 of Chapter 5 Overt latent hazards 1. A lorry to the left (behind the van) is turning to the right. As it is a long lorry (which is not visible because of the buildings) the lorry will whip to the left into the lane of the driver. In the clip the lorry stops before turning. 2. The driver will continue straight, but the lead vehicle is turning to the right. The traffic light is green. It is also green for the pedestrian at the pavement. If this woman will cross the road, the lead vehicle has to brake suddenly and will block the intersection. In the clip the pedestrian turns right and does not cross the road. 3. A bus has stopped at a bus stop. Has the participant driver noticed the passengers at the bus stop and has the participant driver also noticed the pedestrian to the left that is walking to the pedestrian crossing before the participant driver overtakes the bus? 297
4. A moped rider in front of the van approaches a spot where this moped rider has to cross the road in order to continue his trip on the bicycle path to the left. The two traffic signs indicate the fact that the moped rider has to move to the bicycle path. If the moped rider, without turning his head, suddenly crosses the road just before the van, the van has to brake hard. It is important that the driver keeps sufficient distance from the van. 5. The driver is passing a line of parked cars to the right. A moped is riding just in front of the driver. This moped rider is about to pass a sports car with a driver in it and the front wheels turned to the left. If this sports car pulls out, the moped rider has to brake and to swerve to the left. Has the participant driver noticed the sports car? Covert latent Hazards 1. The driver is passing a bus at the bus stop. Is the driver aware of the fact that possible passengers, on which the bus blocks the view, may cross the road just in front of the bus? 298
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Hazard anticipation of young novice
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SWOV-Dissertatiereeks, Leidschendam
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Promotores: Prof. dr. W.H. Brouwer
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development of hazard perception te
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Table of contents 1. General introd
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1. General introduction 1.1. Hazard
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27% of all driver fatalities were d
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eported 73 car crashes during the p
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with respondents that started their
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2. Determinants that influence haza
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planning of a trip, choice of the m
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that encompasses the entire second
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peaks at 16.7 years of age in girls
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Figure 2.2. Model of the different
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Keating (2007) mentioned the matura
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Table 2.1. Relative fatality ratios
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When do these sex differences emerg
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Functional brain differences in boy
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oth groups had in common was their
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3. Extroversion: Extrovert persons
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is less in these brain areas, but a
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2.4.2. Peer group influences In ado
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deduced that car drivers younger th
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or little interference with the dri
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2.4.4. Socioeconomic and cultural b
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Preusser, 2002). The crash rate of
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impact on road safety. Despite the
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condition for the older, more exper
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person (e.g. a passenger or a pedes
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tasks was 3.10, 95% CI [1.73, 5.47]
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traffic situation is safe enough to
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2.6.1. Exposure In Section 1.2, the
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58 56 Male Drivers Female Drivers S
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100 Killed car occupants aged 18-24
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less well equipped to detect and re
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3.2. Hazard anticipation A hazard i
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Drivers are aware of hazards when t
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1. Possible other road users on col
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oriented and the vertical axis is t
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away from me, given the particular
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the task demands. The range of acce
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Figure 3.4. Zero-risk model (Näät
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with FTD, poor monitoring of the ri
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elatively high speed in the same di
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only associated with top-down activ
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information transformation processe
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(consciously) controlled action reg
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on the left lane of a motorway (in
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3.7.1, 3.7.2 and 3.7.3. This is don
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driver does not think that she or h
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for experienced drivers even in cir
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sound was heard) and some participa
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stage. In this stage, learners comm
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A theory that explains how we may l
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were about to turn left while their
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4. Hazard anticipation, age and exp
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hazards, drivers have to imagine a
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overview of their studies: McKenna
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with regard to the risk felt in the
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Participants were requested to pres
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of the visual acuity in the fovea.
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working memory. Both bottom-up proc
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without gaze control (the gray arro
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urban areas than on rural roads, no
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the right between the parked cars i
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that in the video clips no visible
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• Young learner drivers (age rang
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• Did you have moments that you t
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difference between overt latent haz
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4.2.3. Procedure On arrival, the ex
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ecognition task, risk assessment an
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Table 4.1. Percentage of the partic
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that cognitive aspects of hazard an
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80 70 Mean percentage mentioned cov
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Table 4.3. Percentages of latent ha
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latent hazards was higher than the
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Discussion about fixated latent haz
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mentioned latent hazards, young lea
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Gaze directions and fixation durati
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4.3.3. Relationship between the two
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selection task cannot be used to te
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Underwood, Chapman et al. (2002) an
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more difficulties to detect and rec
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5. Testing hazard anticipation, an
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• The video task and the photo ta
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animation clips were made, each las
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The photo task Three experts on the
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5.2.3. Procedure Participants were
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5.2.6. Overt and covert latent haza
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The effect size was small, η 2 P =
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action selection task of Chapter 4,
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3. Effect of interruptions The inte
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5.3.3. Procedure Participants were
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The mean click score was M = 7.7 (S
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ottom-up gaze control (the tractor
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6. Simulator-based hazard anticipat
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al., 2002; Regan, Triggs, & Godley,
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esources to vehicle control (steeri
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of the University of Massachusetts
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In contrast, Ivancic & Hesketh (200
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students, whereas participants that
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for the training were based on thos
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6.2.3. Training intervention SimRAP
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A screen capture of the centre scre
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Table 6.2. (continued) critical sit
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at least sixteen of the nineteen si
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latent hazards. This is not very su
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For the control group the opposite
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The combined three near transfer si
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training program was mostly on over
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7. Discussion and conclusions 7.1.
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ehaviour could be the cause of unsa
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transport. It can also be status, a
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of this is an intervention in the a
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performance in hazard detection and
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than both other groups. It is likel
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etter scanning for latent hazards i
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hazards are a good indicator of som
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order to avoid attribution of an ex
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References Abelson, R.P. (1981). Ps
Page 246 and 247: underlying reaction time to visual
Page 248 and 249: Darby, P., Murray, W. & Raeside, R.
Page 250 and 251: Fuller, R. (2007b). Motivational de
Page 252 and 253: Irwin, D.E. (2004). Fixation locati
Page 254 and 255: Louwerens, J.W., Gloerich, A.B.M.,
Page 256 and 257: Murray, Å. (1998). The home and sc
Page 258 and 259: Roth, M. (2009). Social support as
Page 260 and 261: Ulleberg, P. (2001). Personality su
Page 262 and 263: Summary Driving most of the times,
Page 264 and 265: Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADH
Page 266 and 267: framework of Brouwer & Schmidt (200
Page 268 and 269: and older learner drivers. From the
Page 270 and 271: prepare participants for the tasks.
Page 272: group than before the training and
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Page 277 and 278: status en een auto betekent ook vri
Page 279 and 280: Belangrijk is dat zowel bij zichtba
Page 281 and 282: en ervaren bestuurders (Huestegge e
Page 283 and 284: afgerond, hadden ook een significan
Page 285 and 286: om hun veiligheidsmarge te vergrote
Page 288: About the author Willem Vlakveld wa
Page 291 and 292: 4. On a rural road when driving str
Page 293 and 294: they keep on walking in the same di
Page 295 and 296: 5. The driver drivers straight on a
Page 300 and 301: Appendix 4 Glossary of abbreviation
Page 302 and 303: economic progress and world trade.
Page 304 and 305: Appendix 5 Glossary on brain issues
Page 306 and 307: Gonadotropin releasing hormone Gray
Page 308 and 309: MEG Motor cortex MRI Myelination Ne
Page 310 and 311: PFC Serotonin Striatum Synaptic pru
Page 312 and 313: SWOV-Dissertatiereeks In deze reeks
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