Hazard anticipation of young novice drivers - SWOV

were applied, can be concluded that experienced drivers and novice drivers
may differ in their feelings of risk, but they do not appear to differ in their
ability to recognize latent hazards on photographs.
De Craen (2010) developed a behavioural adaptation test in which use was
made of static traffic scenes. The emphasis in her test was not on the
cognitive aspect of hazard anticipation, but on the emotional and
motivational aspect of hazard anticipation. The questions she was interested
in were whether older, more experienced drivers calibrate better than young
novice drivers and whether calibration skills improve with culminating
experience. De Craen measured calibration skills by presenting participants
pairs of photographs of almost identical traffic situations, taken from a
driver's perspective. Participants had to respond what their speed would be
in these situations. In one of the two photographs of the same road and road
environment, a latent hazard was present (most of times this was an overt
latent hazards) and in the other not. Speed adaption was considered as good
in one pair of photographs when the reported speed was lower in the
complex situation than in the simple situation. De Craen found that older,
more experienced drivers calibrated better than young novice drivers, but
that in the first two years after licensing calibration skills of young novice
drivers did not improve over time. However, it could be that novice drivers
did not improve on this task, not so much of lack of improvement in
calibration skills, but because they were not able to detect and recognize the
latent hazards in the photographs. If the problem of novice drivers is
primarily a question of poor hazard detection (the first part of the definition
of hazard anticipation) or primarily a question of poor calibration (the
second part of the definition of hazard anticipation) is subject of the study
presented in this chapter.
Finally, Wetton et al. (2010) used a completely different method applying
static traffic scenes in order to measure differences in hazard perception
between experienced drivers and novice drivers. In this study, a hazard
perception task was developed that was based on the change detection
flicker paradigm task (Rensink, O'Regan, & Clark, 1997). In this task, the
display of two photographs of the same road situation but each with a
different traffic situation was very rapidly continuously alternated on the
screen. In one of the two photographs an imminent hazard was present and
in the other not. Except for this imminent hazard the two photographs were
identical. A display of a photograph lasted 480 ms. In between the display of
the two photographs a blank grey screen was displayed for 320 ms.
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