Hazard anticipation of young novice drivers - SWOV

When 'translated' to the conceptual framework of Norman & Shallice (1986)
and of Brouwer & Schmidt (2002), the functional model of attention
(including gaze control) developed by Knudsen (2007) makes clear that
attentional processes are both active within the CS and within the SAS. Gaze
control can be both bottom-up (in the realm of the CS) of which the driver is
not aware and can be top-down (in the realm of the SAS). Bottom-up gaze
control can result in a bottom-up fixation, but also in a top-down fixation. An
example of the former is a fixation on an object because this object is bright.
Examples of the latter are fixations in directions of covert latent hazards that
are routine situations for experienced drivers.
4.1.7. Differences in eye movements between novice drivers and
experienced drivers
Eye movements and fixations of novice drivers and experienced drivers have
been recorded with an eye tracker while participants in both groups drove in
real traffic (Crundall & Underwood, 1998; Falkmer & Gregersen, 2005;
Mourant & Rockwell, 1972; Underwood, Chapman, Brocklehurst, et al., 2003;
Underwood & Crundall, 1998). They have also been recorded while
participants in both groups drove in a simulator (Garay-Vega & Fisher, 2005;
Konstantopoulos, Chapman, & Crundall, 2010; Miltenburg & Kuiken, 1990;
Pradhan et al., 2005). Eye tracking equipment has been used while
participants in both groups watched video clips taken from the driver's
perspective (Borowsky, Shinar, & Oron-Gilad, 2010; Chapman et al., 2004;
Chapman & Underwood, 1998; Crundall, Underwood, & Chapman, 2002;
Underwood, Crundall, & Chapman, 2002) and while participants in both
groups watched static traffic scenes (photographs) (Huestegge et al., 2010).
The mentioned studies about eye movements while driving in real traffic
were not about differences between novice drivers and experienced drivers
in anticipatory eye glances in relation to latent hazards, but about scan
patterns in general. The results of these studies are not conclusive. Mourant
& Rockwell (1972) found that novice drivers looked less far ahead and less
often in the rear-view mirror than experienced drivers. However, the fact
that novice drivers tend to look in an area in front of the care that is closer to
the car, could not be confirmed by Underwood & Crundall (1998) and
Falkmer & Gregersen (2005). On the other hand, in all studies carried out in
real traffic it was found that that young novice drivers scan less broadly side
to side as older, more experienced drivers do. More over Crundall &
Underwood (1998) found that novice drivers did not adapt their scan
patterns as well to the complexity of the roadway as experienced drivers did.
Whereas experienced drivers more often looked to the sides of the road in
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