Hazard anticipation of young novice drivers - SWOV

only associated with top-down activation and inhibition of schemata, but not
with the selection of the dominant schema.
A limitation Norman & Shallice's model on willed and automatic
control of behaviour is that the effects of motivation and emotions on the
functioning of the SAS are mentioned, but not explained. It also remains
unclear how the dominant schema at a particular moment in time are
selected and how the SAS gets activated. A third limitation is the rather
limited view on attention. Attention is only the product of the SAS that
manifests itself in the top-down modulation of schema activation and
inhibition.
3.6. An adapted framework for the driving task
Based on Norman & Shallice's model on willed and automatic control of
behaviour (1986), Brouwer & Schmidt (2002) have proposed a framework in
which the mentioned limitations are met. Besides Norman & Shallice's
model, Brouwer & Schmidt made use of elements of the zero risk model on
driving behaviour (Näätänen & Summala, 1974) (see for a description Section
3.3.3). A description of the framework is also presented in Koerts, Leenders,
& Brouwer (2009). It is called a framework and not a model because it is
composed of general claims about cognition and it is insufficiently specified
in order to derive falsifiable predictions from it in order to validate a theory
(Popper, 1959). Here the framework is used to describe the possible process
of hazard anticipation in young novice drivers and older, more experienced
drivers. Figure 3.6 presents the framework.
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