Hazard anticipation of young novice drivers - SWOV

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A screen capture of the centre screen of one of the SimRAPT scenarios can be found in Figure 6.2. Figure 6.2. Example of the error drive of a SimRAPT scenario. The scenario is T4 in Table 6.1. Only the view on the centre screen is presented. 6.2.4. Transfer test After the training session, participants completed an evaluation drive on the ADS to evaluate training transfer. The evaluation drive consisted of three drives of approximately ten minutes each on the ADS while participants wore the ASL Mobile Eye tracking system. In total nineteen potential hazardous situations were embedded in the scenarios of the three drives of which seven were near transfer situations and twelve were far transfer situations. None of the latent hazards in the evaluation drives actually materialized. The participant's fixations while navigating the scenario were used as an indication of whether or not the participants successfully anticipated the latent hazard. An overview of the critical situations is presented in Table 6.2. 211
Table 6.2. Critical situations embedded in the scenarios of the test drives. No Type * Transfer Description Hazard Critical visual search A O Far Straight through at T- intersection. Line of cars waiting in lane left of the driver. B C Near Straight through at intersection. Bushes on the right obscure view on left sidewalk of the right hand road. C C Near Turn left at intersection. Opposing lorry waits to turn left. Lorry obscures view on lane to the right of the lorry D P/C Far Straight through. A hidden driveway to the left. Sign warns for a hidden driveway. E C Far Overtake a bus at bus stop. Before the bus is a cross-walk F C Near Cross a one way street. Objects obscure the view into the one way street. G P Far Traffic light turns green when driver approaches H C Far Turn right at T-intersection. Vegetation obscures view to the left I P/C Far Straight through at intersection. Driver has priority at intersection. J C Far Footpath to school crosses the road. Bushes obscure footpath on the left side. A driver in the line of cars may pull out to the right into the driver's lane Hidden pedestrian on sidewalk of right hand road that may cross the road of the driver Hidden oncoming traffic (in lane to the right of the lorry) A car that may pull out from the driveway Hidden pedestrian that may cross the road just in front of the bus Traffic from the right Traffic from left or right that run the red light (just turned red) Possible traffic from left Possible traffic from left or right not obeying rules of the road Possible pedestrians (children) that cross the road At least 3 glances to the line of cars when passing Glance to the far right at the sidewalk and a second glance in same direction after starting moving again Glance at right side of lorry just before turning and a second glance in this direction when turning Glance to the right after the warning sign Glance towards the left edge of bus while passing Glance to the right into the one way street before crossing the street Glances to left and right before crossing the intersection Glance to the far left after a glance to the right Glances left and right before crossing the intersection Glance to the left before crossing the footpath * C = Covert latent Hazard O = overt latent Hazard P = Precursors of Hazards 212
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Hazard anticipation of young novice
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SWOV-Dissertatiereeks, Leidschendam
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Promotores: Prof. dr. W.H. Brouwer
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development of hazard perception te
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Table of contents 1. General introd
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1. General introduction 1.1. Hazard
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27% of all driver fatalities were d
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eported 73 car crashes during the p
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with respondents that started their
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2. Determinants that influence haza
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planning of a trip, choice of the m
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that encompasses the entire second
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peaks at 16.7 years of age in girls
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Figure 2.2. Model of the different
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Keating (2007) mentioned the matura
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Table 2.1. Relative fatality ratios
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When do these sex differences emerg
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Functional brain differences in boy
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oth groups had in common was their
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3. Extroversion: Extrovert persons
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is less in these brain areas, but a
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2.4.2. Peer group influences In ado
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deduced that car drivers younger th
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or little interference with the dri
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2.4.4. Socioeconomic and cultural b
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Preusser, 2002). The crash rate of
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impact on road safety. Despite the
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condition for the older, more exper
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person (e.g. a passenger or a pedes
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tasks was 3.10, 95% CI [1.73, 5.47]
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traffic situation is safe enough to
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2.6.1. Exposure In Section 1.2, the
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58 56 Male Drivers Female Drivers S
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100 Killed car occupants aged 18-24
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less well equipped to detect and re
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3.2. Hazard anticipation A hazard i
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Drivers are aware of hazards when t
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1. Possible other road users on col
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oriented and the vertical axis is t
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away from me, given the particular
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the task demands. The range of acce
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Figure 3.4. Zero-risk model (Näät
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with FTD, poor monitoring of the ri
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elatively high speed in the same di
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only associated with top-down activ
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information transformation processe
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(consciously) controlled action reg
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on the left lane of a motorway (in
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3.7.1, 3.7.2 and 3.7.3. This is don
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driver does not think that she or h
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for experienced drivers even in cir
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sound was heard) and some participa
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stage. In this stage, learners comm
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A theory that explains how we may l
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were about to turn left while their
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4. Hazard anticipation, age and exp
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hazards, drivers have to imagine a
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overview of their studies: McKenna
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with regard to the risk felt in the
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Participants were requested to pres
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of the visual acuity in the fovea.
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working memory. Both bottom-up proc
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without gaze control (the gray arro
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urban areas than on rural roads, no
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the right between the parked cars i
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that in the video clips no visible
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• Young learner drivers (age rang
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• Did you have moments that you t
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difference between overt latent haz
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4.2.3. Procedure On arrival, the ex
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ecognition task, risk assessment an
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Table 4.1. Percentage of the partic
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that cognitive aspects of hazard an
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80 70 Mean percentage mentioned cov
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Table 4.3. Percentages of latent ha
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latent hazards was higher than the
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Discussion about fixated latent haz
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mentioned latent hazards, young lea
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Page 168 and 169: Underwood, Chapman et al. (2002) an
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Page 172 and 173: 5. Testing hazard anticipation, an
Page 174 and 175: • The video task and the photo ta
Page 176 and 177: animation clips were made, each las
Page 178 and 179: The photo task Three experts on the
Page 180 and 181: 5.2.3. Procedure Participants were
Page 182 and 183: 5.2.6. Overt and covert latent haza
Page 184 and 185: The effect size was small, η 2 P =
Page 186 and 187: action selection task of Chapter 4,
Page 188 and 189: 3. Effect of interruptions The inte
Page 190 and 191: 5.3.3. Procedure Participants were
Page 192 and 193: The mean click score was M = 7.7 (S
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Page 196 and 197: 6. Simulator-based hazard anticipat
Page 198 and 199: al., 2002; Regan, Triggs, & Godley,
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Page 202 and 203: of the University of Massachusetts
Page 204 and 205: In contrast, Ivancic & Hesketh (200
Page 206 and 207: students, whereas participants that
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Page 210 and 211: 6.2.3. Training intervention SimRAP
Page 214 and 215: Table 6.2. (continued) critical sit
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Page 220 and 221: For the control group the opposite
Page 222 and 223: The combined three near transfer si
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Page 226 and 227: 7. Discussion and conclusions 7.1.
Page 228 and 229: ehaviour could be the cause of unsa
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Page 236 and 237: than both other groups. It is likel
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Page 240 and 241: hazards are a good indicator of som
Page 242 and 243: order to avoid attribution of an ex
Page 244 and 245: References Abelson, R.P. (1981). Ps
Page 246 and 247: underlying reaction time to visual
Page 248 and 249: Darby, P., Murray, W. & Raeside, R.
Page 250 and 251: Fuller, R. (2007b). Motivational de
Page 252 and 253: Irwin, D.E. (2004). Fixation locati
Page 254 and 255: Louwerens, J.W., Gloerich, A.B.M.,
Page 256 and 257: Murray, Å. (1998). The home and sc
Page 258 and 259: Roth, M. (2009). Social support as
Page 260 and 261: Ulleberg, P. (2001). Personality su
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Summary Driving most of the times,
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Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADH
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framework of Brouwer & Schmidt (200
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and older learner drivers. From the
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prepare participants for the tasks.
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group than before the training and
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verkeer. Het probleem van de jonge
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status en een auto betekent ook vri
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Belangrijk is dat zowel bij zichtba
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en ervaren bestuurders (Huestegge e
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afgerond, hadden ook een significan
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om hun veiligheidsmarge te vergrote
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About the author Willem Vlakveld wa
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4. On a rural road when driving str
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they keep on walking in the same di
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5. The driver drivers straight on a
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Appendix 3 Additional latent hazard
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Appendix 4 Glossary of abbreviation
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economic progress and world trade.
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Appendix 5 Glossary on brain issues
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Gonadotropin releasing hormone Gray
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MEG Motor cortex MRI Myelination Ne
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PFC Serotonin Striatum Synaptic pru
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SWOV-Dissertatiereeks In deze reeks
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