Hazard anticipation of young novice drivers - SWOV

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economic progress and world trade. It defines itself as a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seeking answers to common problems, identifying good practices, and co-ordinating domestic and international policies of its members. OFC PBT PDD-NOS PET PFC PROV RAPT RDW SAS Orbito Frontal Cortex. Problem Behaviour Theory. PBT categorizes motives for reckless behaviour in three systems. The first system is the perceived environment system. This includes for instance peer group pressure. The second system is the personality system (i.e., feelings and perceptions about the self that promotes tolerance of deviance) and the third system is the behavioural system (other risky behaviour than the risky behaviour of study). Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Other Specified, one of the autistic spectrum disorders. Positron Emission Tomography. Pre Frontal Cortex. In Dutch "Periodiek Regionaal Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid", in English "Periodical Regional Traffic Safety Survey". This a questionnaire research that is administered every two years about road user behaviour and opinions of road users in the Netherlands. Risk Awareness and Perception Training; PC-based training programs developed by researchers of the Human Performance Laboratory at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. There are 3 different versions of RAPT. In Dutch "Rijksdienst voor Wegverkeer. In English "Dutch Vehicle Technology and Information Centre". Supervisory Attentional System; conscious interference in 301
the more or less automatic process of contention scheduling in non-routine actions. SCR SES SimRAPT SN TAS tDCS THC TPQ TTC UMASS VMPFC Skin Conductance Response. SocioEconomic Status. Simulator-based Risk Awareness and Perception Training; simulator-based training program developed by researchers of the Human Performance Laboratory at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Salience Network. The SN encompasses brain circuits that are involved in saliance detection. An important area of the brain of this network is the insula. Thrill and Adventure Seeking, a subscale of the sensation seeking questionnaire. transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Delta-9-tetra-hydrocannabinol; psychoactive component of cannabis. Thee-dimensional Personality Questionnaire. A personality test with three scales: novelty seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence. Time To Collision. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex. 302
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Hazard anticipation of young novice
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SWOV-Dissertatiereeks, Leidschendam
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Promotores: Prof. dr. W.H. Brouwer
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development of hazard perception te
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Table of contents 1. General introd
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1. General introduction 1.1. Hazard
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27% of all driver fatalities were d
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eported 73 car crashes during the p
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with respondents that started their
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2. Determinants that influence haza
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planning of a trip, choice of the m
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that encompasses the entire second
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peaks at 16.7 years of age in girls
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Figure 2.2. Model of the different
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Keating (2007) mentioned the matura
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Table 2.1. Relative fatality ratios
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When do these sex differences emerg
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Functional brain differences in boy
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oth groups had in common was their
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3. Extroversion: Extrovert persons
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is less in these brain areas, but a
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2.4.2. Peer group influences In ado
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deduced that car drivers younger th
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or little interference with the dri
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2.4.4. Socioeconomic and cultural b
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Preusser, 2002). The crash rate of
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impact on road safety. Despite the
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condition for the older, more exper
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person (e.g. a passenger or a pedes
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tasks was 3.10, 95% CI [1.73, 5.47]
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traffic situation is safe enough to
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2.6.1. Exposure In Section 1.2, the
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58 56 Male Drivers Female Drivers S
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100 Killed car occupants aged 18-24
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less well equipped to detect and re
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3.2. Hazard anticipation A hazard i
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Drivers are aware of hazards when t
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1. Possible other road users on col
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oriented and the vertical axis is t
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away from me, given the particular
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the task demands. The range of acce
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Figure 3.4. Zero-risk model (Näät
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with FTD, poor monitoring of the ri
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elatively high speed in the same di
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only associated with top-down activ
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information transformation processe
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(consciously) controlled action reg
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on the left lane of a motorway (in
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3.7.1, 3.7.2 and 3.7.3. This is don
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driver does not think that she or h
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for experienced drivers even in cir
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sound was heard) and some participa
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stage. In this stage, learners comm
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A theory that explains how we may l
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were about to turn left while their
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4. Hazard anticipation, age and exp
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hazards, drivers have to imagine a
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overview of their studies: McKenna
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with regard to the risk felt in the
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Participants were requested to pres
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of the visual acuity in the fovea.
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working memory. Both bottom-up proc
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without gaze control (the gray arro
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urban areas than on rural roads, no
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the right between the parked cars i
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that in the video clips no visible
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• Young learner drivers (age rang
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• Did you have moments that you t
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difference between overt latent haz
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4.2.3. Procedure On arrival, the ex
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ecognition task, risk assessment an
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Table 4.1. Percentage of the partic
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that cognitive aspects of hazard an
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80 70 Mean percentage mentioned cov
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Table 4.3. Percentages of latent ha
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latent hazards was higher than the
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Discussion about fixated latent haz
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mentioned latent hazards, young lea
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Gaze directions and fixation durati
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4.3.3. Relationship between the two
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selection task cannot be used to te
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Underwood, Chapman et al. (2002) an
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more difficulties to detect and rec
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5. Testing hazard anticipation, an
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• The video task and the photo ta
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animation clips were made, each las
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The photo task Three experts on the
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5.2.3. Procedure Participants were
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5.2.6. Overt and covert latent haza
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The effect size was small, η 2 P =
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action selection task of Chapter 4,
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3. Effect of interruptions The inte
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5.3.3. Procedure Participants were
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The mean click score was M = 7.7 (S
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ottom-up gaze control (the tractor
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6. Simulator-based hazard anticipat
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al., 2002; Regan, Triggs, & Godley,
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esources to vehicle control (steeri
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of the University of Massachusetts
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In contrast, Ivancic & Hesketh (200
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students, whereas participants that
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for the training were based on thos
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6.2.3. Training intervention SimRAP
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A screen capture of the centre scre
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Table 6.2. (continued) critical sit
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at least sixteen of the nineteen si
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latent hazards. This is not very su
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For the control group the opposite
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The combined three near transfer si
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training program was mostly on over
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7. Discussion and conclusions 7.1.
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ehaviour could be the cause of unsa
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transport. It can also be status, a
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of this is an intervention in the a
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performance in hazard detection and
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than both other groups. It is likel
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etter scanning for latent hazards i
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hazards are a good indicator of som
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order to avoid attribution of an ex
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References Abelson, R.P. (1981). Ps
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underlying reaction time to visual
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Darby, P., Murray, W. & Raeside, R.
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Fuller, R. (2007b). Motivational de
Page 252 and 253: Irwin, D.E. (2004). Fixation locati
Page 254 and 255: Louwerens, J.W., Gloerich, A.B.M.,
Page 256 and 257: Murray, Å. (1998). The home and sc
Page 258 and 259: Roth, M. (2009). Social support as
Page 260 and 261: Ulleberg, P. (2001). Personality su
Page 262 and 263: Summary Driving most of the times,
Page 264 and 265: Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADH
Page 266 and 267: framework of Brouwer & Schmidt (200
Page 268 and 269: and older learner drivers. From the
Page 270 and 271: prepare participants for the tasks.
Page 272: group than before the training and
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Page 277 and 278: status en een auto betekent ook vri
Page 279 and 280: Belangrijk is dat zowel bij zichtba
Page 281 and 282: en ervaren bestuurders (Huestegge e
Page 283 and 284: afgerond, hadden ook een significan
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Page 288: About the author Willem Vlakveld wa
Page 291 and 292: 4. On a rural road when driving str
Page 293 and 294: they keep on walking in the same di
Page 295 and 296: 5. The driver drivers straight on a
Page 298 and 299: Appendix 3 Additional latent hazard
Page 300 and 301: Appendix 4 Glossary of abbreviation
Page 304 and 305: Appendix 5 Glossary on brain issues
Page 306 and 307: Gonadotropin releasing hormone Gray
Page 308 and 309: MEG Motor cortex MRI Myelination Ne
Page 310 and 311: PFC Serotonin Striatum Synaptic pru
Page 312 and 313: SWOV-Dissertatiereeks In deze reeks
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