Hazard anticipation of young novice drivers - SWOV

oriented and the vertical axis is taxonomic vs. functional. Only the functional
models are relevant in relation to hazard anticipation because functional
models try to explain driver behaviour (Ranney, 1994). Behavioural oriented
models that are functional are the information processing models. The in
Section 3.2 mentioned model of situation awareness (Endsley, 1995), is an
example of an information processing model. Perception, comprehension
and projection are three different levels of information processing in
situation awareness. Information processing models are typically
represented as a sequence of stages such as; perception, recognition,
prediction, decision, response selection and task execution. Usually, a
distinction is made between automatic processing of information and
controlled processing of information. Automatic processing of information
hardly requires conscious attention, whereas controlled processing of
information requires conscious attention. Information processing models try
to explain (maximal) driver performance (what a driver can do).
Psychologically oriented models that are functional are the motivational
models. These models are based on the assumption that driving is largely a
self-paced task. Within certain limits, drivers are free to choose their speed,
their route (e.g. to reach their destination they can take the route with the
many intersections, but they can also take the slightly longer route with only
a few intersections) and to carry out certain manoeuvres or not (e.g. overtake
another car or not). Because the driving task is largely self-paced, drivers
themselves chose the amount of risk they are willing to take. In all
motivational models, risk is not a calculated risk of the driver, but a feeling of
risk. Besides motivational models based on risk or threat (e.g. Fuller, 1984;
Näätänen & Summala, 1974; Wilde, 1982), motivational models have been
proposed that are based on task difficulty (Fuller, 2000, 2001, 2007a), pleasure
(Rothengatter, 1988), discomfort (Summala, 2007) and best feelings (Vaa,
2007). In contrast to the information processing models, motivational models
are especially made to explain driver behaviour (what a driver actually
does).
In the following sections one recent information-processing model, one
recent motivational model and a somewhat older mixed model are discussed
in more detail in relation to hazard anticipation.
3.3.1. Model of information processing in driving and the role of
expectancy
Houtenbos (2008) has developed a model about the interaction of a driver
with other road users. This model is derived from the theory of situation
awareness (Endsley, 1995) and from more general information processing
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