The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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modification is the formulation of the production structure in the form used in ORANI (Dixon et al. 1977, Dixon et al. 1982) and MONASH-MRF (Peter et al. 1996) models of the Australian economy allowing the intermediate inputs to be differentiated by source. Production technology In order to accommodate various degrees of substitution and different elasticities among the different factors of production specified for Kenya, KEGEM proposes a nested production structure technology such as the one used in Dixon et al. (1977), Wong (1990) and Mitra (1994). The production technology exhibits constant returns to scale and is in three level forms as represented in Equation (1): X X i = Ai min[ CES( ID ji , IM ji ); CES( Ki , CES( Lli ))] (1) where A X i = Efficiency parameter capturing productivity of the primary and intermediate factors. X i = Supply of gross sectoral production in sector i. ID ji = Domestically produced intermediate commodity in sector j used as input in sector i to form the sector’s composite intermediate commodity. IM ji = Imported intermediate commodity in sector j used as input in sector i to form the sector’s composite intermediate commodity. K i = Demand for capital in sector i. L li = Demand for labour input of category l used in sector i. At the top level, composite value added input and a composite intermediate input are used in fixed proportions to the output using a Leontief production function. The Leontief combination of the value-added input, VA i , and composite intermediate input, N ji , at the first level of gross sectoral production, X i , is given in Equation (2): ( Nji ji VAi i) X X = A min α N ; α VA (2) i i where A X i is the efficiency parameter capturing factor productivity for gross sectoral output. α N ji and α VAi are the distribution (weighting) parameters for the composite intermediate input and composite value-added factor respectively. For the other two levels, a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) assumption is invoked. Substitution is allowed between imported and domestic intermediate inputs of the same type and among the primary factors. Domestically produced intermediate inputs are differentiated from imported intermediate inputs by a CES function that produces the composite intermediate input, N ji , as shown in Equation (3): −ρn ( i −ρn α i IDji ji α IM ji ji ) N = N CES( ID IM ) = A ID + IM ji ji, ji ji −1/ ρ n i Here, A N ji is the efficiency parameter for the formation of the composite intermediate input and ρ ni is the substitution parameter for the two intermediate inputs from different (3)
sources for each sector. α IM ji and α IDji are the distribution parameters 6 for intermediate inputs by source for a given sector i. Equation (4) is the formation of effective value-added input. It describes the CES functions adopted to describe substitution possibilities between composite labour and capital in the creation of a unit of composite primary factor, the value-added factor, VA i . va ( i va α Ki i α i Li i ) VA = VA CES( K , L ) = A K + L i i i i −ρ −ρ −1/ ρ va i Here, A VA i is the efficiency parameter for the composite value-added input formation, the substitution parameter of the inputs forming the composite value-added input. ρ vai α Ki and α Li are the distribution parameters for capital and labour in the formation of the composite value-added input respectively. The two sets of relationships given by Equation (3) and Equation (4) describe how the top-level variables in the overall Leontief combination are determined. The third level applies only to the effective labour input required for value-added production. This effective labour is made from five types of labour categories (Equation (5)). The labour categories are unskilled, skilled, semi-professional, professional and self-employed labour. As in the second level, a CES function is specified. This allows for substitution between labour from different categories in the creation of a unit of composite labour, L i : −1/ ρ Li L ⎛ −ρ L Li = CES Lli = Ai li L i ⎞ ( ) ⎜∑α li ⎟ (5) ⎝ l ⎠ The effective labour input is a CES aggregation of labour of different categories with l representing the labour category and A L i capturing the efficiency parameter for the formation of effective labour. α li represents the distribution parameters of category l in the effective labour of sector i. ρ li is the substitution parameter that determines the elasticity of substitution between different labour categories. The CES combination of the five types of labour assumes a single elasticity of substitution among all labour categories (that is, constancy of pair-wise substitution elasticities). (4) 6 If the functional form of the equation describing the formation of the composite intermediate input adopted a Cobb-Douglas production technology, the distribution parameters would represent cost shares of the intermediate inputs by source. However, due to the CES production technology used in KEGEM, then these weights are no longer simply cost shares but what Dixon et al. (1982, 1992) refer to as modified cost shares. Therefore, what is referred to here as distribution parameters for inputs forming the composite intermediate input are actually modified cost shares. The same case follows for distribution parameters of the inputs forming other composites within KEGEM where CES technology is invoked.
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
Page 85 and 86: 1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
Page 87 and 88: In order to achieve these objective
Page 89 and 90: densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
Page 91 and 92: Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
Page 95 and 96: By 2001, land demarcation and regis
Page 97 and 98: 3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
Page 99 and 100: 3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
Page 101 and 102: questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
Page 103 and 104: Figure 10: Availability of hired la
Page 105 and 106: Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
Page 107 and 108: joint significance test on the 4 dr
Page 109 and 110: Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
Page 111 and 112: was classified into three categorie
Page 113 and 114: Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
Page 115 and 116: 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
Page 117 and 118: 5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
Page 119 and 120: FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
Page 121 and 122: Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
Page 123 and 124: Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
Page 125 and 126: SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
Page 127 and 128: Part two - Agricultural Markets
Page 129 and 130: Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
Page 131 and 132: farms show annual fluctuations, wit
Page 133 and 134: Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
Page 135: 5. The Model The interest of this s
Page 139 and 140: Savings Households’ savings are a
Page 141 and 142: The value-added price is defined th
Page 143 and 144: Specifically, the Government polici
Page 145 and 146: Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
Page 147 and 148: disincentive to farmers. Inability
Page 149 and 150: competitiveness. The second one is
Page 151 and 152: Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
Page 153 and 154: Similar simulation is undertaken in
Page 155 and 156: References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
Page 157 and 158: Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
Page 159 and 160: (A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
Page 161 and 162: (A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
Page 163 and 164: Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
Page 165 and 166: VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
Page 169 and 170: As alluded to earlier, initial agri
Page 171 and 172: directly to dairy farmers as animal
Page 173 and 174: to engage in this new role, the gov
Page 175 and 176: 2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
Page 177 and 178: markets with minor gaps in data ser
Page 179 and 180: Price-series correlations are conve
Page 181 and 182: Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
Page 183 and 184: model depends on whether or not the
Page 185 and 186: Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
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Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
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Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
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of grain production was reportedly
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instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
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unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
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Table 14. Measures of wealth status
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Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
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Table 18. Determinants of participa
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_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
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REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
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Questions and responses Government
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Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
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Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
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of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
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The estimated model was of the form
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Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
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The most common ailments and diseas
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4.3 Factors influencing the level o
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Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
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Table 10 - Factors determining the
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Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
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Figure 4: Percentage of household h
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CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
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Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
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IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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