The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1990. Training Anyamara veterinary technicians in the southern Peruvian Andes. Convergence 23: 14–22. KETRI (Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute). 2000. Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute 9th Annual Internal Scientific Review. 19th-23rd June, 2000, Muguga. Nairobi, Kenya. Kleemann, G. 1999. Service management in livestock development. Wiesbadan: Universum Verlag. Leonard, D. K. 1987. The supply of veterinary services: Kenyan lessons. Journal of Agricultural Administration and Extension 26 (4): 219–236. ———. 1993. Structural reforms of the veterinary profession in Africa and the new institutional economics. Development and Change 24 (2): 227–267. ———. 2000. The new institutional economics and restructuring of animal health services. In Africa’s changing markets for health and veterinary services: The new institutional issues. Eds. Leonard, D.K. London: Macmillan. Leyland, T. 1991. Participation in the 80s and 90s: Who asks the questions in livestock development. M.Sc. diss., University of Edinburgh. ———. 1993. Animal health care in Afghanistan. Appropriate Technology 19 (4): 29–32. Leyland, T., and D. M. O. Akabwai. 1998. Delivery of private veterinarian supervised community-based animal health services to pastoralist areas of the Greater Horn of Africa. Proceedings of the 9 th International Conference of Association of Institutes of Tropical Veterinary Medicine (AITVM), 14 th -18 th September 1998, Harare. Ly, C. 2000. Management and the impact of auxiliaries on pastoral production and veterinary services delivery in Senegal. In Africa’s changing markets for health and veterinary services: Eds. Leonard, D.K. The new institutional issues. London: Macmillan. Maddala, G. S. 1983. Limited dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Mbogoh, S. G., and A. W. Mukhebi. 1997. Evaluation of the role, program and resource requirements of the socio-economics unit of KETRI. Kikuyu, Kenya: Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI). Meemark, N. 1988. The development and evaluation of a village-based parasite control program for swamp buffalo and cattle in northeast Thailand. Master’s thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Moktan, D., B. K. Mitchelhill, and Y. R. Joshi. 1990. Village animal health workers in the Koshi Hills. Participatory Community Action (PCA) Working Paper No. 4. Dhankuta District, Koshi Zone, Nepal. Oakeley, R. 2001. Community livestock workers: A review of experiences with communitybased animal health care delivery. http://www.fao.org/docrep/ x3770t/x3770t06.htm
Obel-Lawson, E. 1992. The paravets of Loumbol. Arid Lands Information Network. Darkar, Senegal. Odhiambo, O., S. Holden, and C. Ackello-Ogutu. 1998. OXFAM Wajir pastoral development project: An economic impact assessment. Nairobi: Oxfam UK/Ireland. Omiti, J. M., K. A. Parton, S. K. Ehui, and J. A. Sinden. 2000. Some policy implications of the resurfacing of rural factor markets following agrarian de-collectivisation in Ethiopia. Human Ecology 28 (4): 586–603. Otieno-Oruko, L. O, M. Upton, and A. Mcleod. 2000. Restructuring of animal health services in Kenya: Constraints, prospects and options. Development Policy Review 18 (2): 123–138. Peters, H. 1993. Chad’s Ishtirack paravets. Appropriate Technology 19 (4): 5–7. Platteau, J. P. 1994. Behind the market stage where real societies exist: The role of moral norms. Journal of Development Economics 30 (3): 753–817. Sikana, P., P. Bazeley, D. Kariuki, and A. Fre. 1992. The Kenya livestock and pastoral programme: Some observations and recommendations. Nairobi: Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG). Umali D. L, G. Feder, and C. De Haan. 1994. Animal health services: Finding a balance between public and private delivery. World Bank Research Observer 9: 72–96. Upton, M. 1993. Privatisation of agricultural input delivery systems. Paper presented at Nairobi cluster socio-economics group meeting, International Livestock Research in Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Nairobi. Wamukoya, J. P. O., J. M. Gathuma, and E. R. Mutiga. 1995. Spontaneous private veterinary practices evolved in Kenya since 1988. Report for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Willamson, O. E. 1984. The economic of governance: Framework and implications. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 140: 195–223. Winrock. 1992. Assessment of animal agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development (IIAD) Working Paper 93. Winrock, Nairobi. Woods, P. 2000. The importance of proximity, transport and gender as transaction costs in the use of veterinary services in Zimbabwe. In Africa’s changing markets for health and veterinary services: The new institutional issues. Eds. Leonard, D.K. London: Macmillan. Young , J. 1992. A report on a village animal health care workshop, Kenya, February 1992. Rugby, U.K.: Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG).
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
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Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
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Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
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of grain production was reportedly
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instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
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unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
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Table 14. Measures of wealth status
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Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
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Table 18. Determinants of participa
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_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
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REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
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Questions and responses Government
Page 381 and 382: Questions and responses Lack of coo
Page 383 and 384: CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
Page 385 and 386: • Individuals are selected for tr
Page 388 and 389: Makueni district was selected becau
Page 390 and 391: 1.5 Justification of the study The
Page 392 and 393: more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
Page 394 and 395: of defined roles for CBAHWs within
Page 396 and 397: Interviews with veterinary officers
Page 398 and 399: The estimated model was of the form
Page 400 and 401: Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
Page 402 and 403: The most common ailments and diseas
Page 404 and 405: 4.3 Factors influencing the level o
Page 406 and 407: Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
Page 408 and 409: Table 10 - Factors determining the
Page 410 and 411: Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
Page 412 and 413: Figure 4: Percentage of household h
Page 414 and 415: CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
Page 416 and 417: Users of veterinarians’ services
Page 418 and 419: Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
Page 420 and 421: higher average calving per cow, whi
Page 422 and 423: Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
Page 424 and 425: epresentative of livestock keepers
Page 426 and 427: Despite the restriction imposed by
Page 428 and 429: veterinarians. Such associations co
Page 430 and 431: References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
Page 434 and 435: Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
Page 436 and 437: Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
Page 438 and 439: 1.1 Soil conservation programs and
Page 440 and 441: 1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
Page 442 and 443: Institutional and Policy factors -
Page 444 and 445: land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
Page 446 and 447: include density of membership in gr
Page 448 and 449: then summed up according to increas
Page 450 and 451: Social capital, resource use, and a
Page 452 and 453: Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
Page 454 and 455: Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
Page 456 and 457: Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
Page 458 and 459: Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
Page 460 and 461: 5. The influence of social capital
Page 462 and 463: especially when considered on an ad
Page 464 and 465: households may pay less attention t
Page 466 and 467: Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
Page 468 and 469: and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
Page 470 and 471: Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
Page 472 and 473: 5.3. Social capital, resource use,
Page 474 and 475: 6. Implications for policy and prog
Page 476 and 477: essential for the formation of exte
Page 478 and 479: BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
Page 480 and 481: Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
Page 482 and 483:
Social capital and watershed develo
Page 484 and 485:
Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
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IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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