The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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five or six days of the week. In fact, lack of space has been identified as one of the chief problems at the central market of Ababa. Thus, decentralizing the central market by establishing market centers at different corners of Addis Ababa is also important. For example, wheat, teff, and maize marketing centers could be established along the Ring Road or along the main roads leading to the surplus-producing regions. This decentralization of the grain market would greatly improve the efficiency of the marketing system and benefit the economy at large. Fifth, there is a need to develop transport and communication systems. Severe infrastructural deficiencies have increased transaction costs for regional traders. Telephone connections are either absent or unreliable. Poor roads and trucking systems have increased the cost of grain transport. Improving the quality of roads and communications would increase efficiency of the grain market and increase production by reducing transaction costs and allowing for timely delivery of inputs. Moreover, improved access to timely market information could help traders respond to policy-induced measures or other shocks. It would also help policymakers to monitor the evolving effects of grain market liberalization and identify problems that require intervention in a timelier manner. Banking and credit facilities need substantial improvement to make effective use of any improvement in physical infrastructure. Sixth, the absence of strong wholesale activity has severely hampered the efficient operation of the market. In particular, regional traders incur huge costs and uncertainty when searching for buyers. The presence of regular wholesalers with sufficient capital and storage in the market chain could mean that regional traders act as direct suppliers of the wholesalers with no cost for the services of intermediaries. Building the capacity of existing processors and encouraging the establishment of new ones would also create a similar opportunity for regional traders. Food aid has saved the lives of millions of people, but it has also negatively affected prices and investments by traders and processors. Food-aid grains sold in the market are considered distortionary because they create uncertainty over quantity released to the market and time of arrival. This uncertainty makes it very difficult for traders, processors, and some surplusproducing farmers to adjust and plan their investment. Cheap flour imports have also adversely affected the market. Thus there is a need for more proper targeting of food aid and protection of the domestic grain market from cheap imports. Finally, one of the main factors responsible for the poor performance of the grain market is low demand. Widespread poverty has depressed demand and constrained grain trade in the country. Government intervention to improve income and employment opportunities would boost demand and prices. The implication is that focusing on supply side interventions alone would not bring self-sustaining development in the country. Demand for agricultural products must expand rapidly to absorb expansion in supply. Demand side interventions should be directed at facilitating transformation of the entire economic structure or ensuring rapid expansion of the non-agricultural sectors. The whole exercises of agricultural development led industrialization will be self-defeating unless it is accompanied by increasing employment and rising productivity of the non-agricultural sectors to resolve demand constraints to agricultural growth and development.
REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorward, and C. Poulton. 2000. Improving access to maize marketing opportunities in remote areas of Ghana: Damongo. Wye College, University of London. Amha, W. 1994. Food grain marketing development in Ethiopia after the market reform of 1990: A case study of Alaba Siraro District. Berlin: Koster Publisher. ———. 1999a. Maize marketing in Ethiopia: Liberalization and price integration issues. Ethiopian Journal of Development Research 21, no. 1 (April). ———. 1999b. IGAD Grain Marketing Training Program: Country Report: Ethiopia. Consultancy Report for IGAD, Addis Ababa, June 1999. ———. 2002. The structure and functioning of the post PADETs grain marketing system in Ethiopia. Paper submitted to the Ethiopian Development Research Institute, Addis Ababa. Bacha, D., and A. Gemeda. 2001. Maize marketing in Ethiopia: A review. Paper presented at the Second National Workshop of Ethiopia, November 12–16. Bates, Robert H. 1990. The political framework for agricultural policy decisions. In Agricultural development in the third world, ed. C. K. Eicher and J. M. Staatz. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press. Chirwa, W. 1998. Fostering private food marketing and food policies after liberalization: The case of Malawi. In Liberalized and neglected Food marketing policies in Eastern Africa, ed. P. Seppala. World Development Studies 12. Helsinki: United Nations University (UNU)/World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER). Demeke, M. 1999a. Agricultural technology, economic viability and poverty alleviation in Ethiopia. Paper presented at the Workshop on Agricultural Transformation in Africa, June 27–30, Nairobi, Kenya, Egerton University Tegemeo Institute and Michigan State University. ———. 1999b. The challenge of increasing food production in Ethiopia. In The Ethiopian economy: Performance and evaluation, ed. A. Geda and B. Nega. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference on the Ethiopian Economy, Oct. 30–Nov.1, 1998, Nazareth, Ethiopia. ———. 2000. Ethiopian agriculture since 1991: Its performance and challenges faced. Paper presented to the International Symposium for Reviewing Ethiopia’s Socio-economic Performance 1991–1999, Inter African Group (IAG), Addis Ababa, April 26–29. Demeke, M., V. Kelly, T. S. Jayne, A. Said, and J. C. Le Vallee. 1998. Agricultural market performance and determinants of fertilizer use in Ethiopia. Working Paper 10. Grain Market Research Project, MEADaC, Addis Ababa. Demeke, M., A. Said, and T. S. Jayne. 1997. Promoting fertilizer use in Ethiopia: The implication of improving grain market performance, input market efficiency and farm management. Working Paper 5. Grain Market Research Project, MEADac, Addis Ababa. Dessalegn, G., T. S. Jayne, and J. D. Shaffer. 1998. Market structure, conduct and performance: Constraints on performance of grain markets. Working Paper No. 8. Grain Market Research Project, MEDaC, Addis Ababa.
Page 1 and 2:
Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
Page 231 and 232: 1.6. Organization of the report Thi
Page 233 and 234: the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
Page 235 and 236: Brokers believe that most regional
Page 237 and 238: There is also a close relationship
Page 239 and 240: Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
Page 241 and 242: Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
Page 243 and 244: Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
Page 245 and 246: Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
Page 247 and 248: It has been reported that grain pur
Page 249 and 250: 3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
Page 251 and 252: Like brokers, retailers use cash or
Page 253 and 254: Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
Page 255 and 256: Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
Page 257 and 258: Getting reliable price information
Page 259 and 260: Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
Page 261 and 262: Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
Page 263 and 264: a.m. The survey included wholesale
Page 265 and 266: Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
Page 267 and 268: Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
Page 269 and 270: Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
Page 271 and 272: Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
Page 273 and 274: Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
Page 275 and 276: holiday sales. The results of the r
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
Page 279 and 280: Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
Page 281: • a legal, regulatory, and enforc
Page 285 and 286: Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
Page 287 and 288: achieve some welfare objective. The
Page 289 and 290: Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
Page 291 and 292: Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
Page 293 and 294: Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
Page 295 and 296: Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
Page 297 and 298: CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
Page 299 and 300: only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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Page 303 and 304: occur at all stages of post-harvest
Page 305 and 306: Endowment & access to Resources (e.
Page 307 and 308: Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
Page 309 and 310: (6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
Page 311 and 312: Intercrop differences Liquidity con
Page 313 and 314: eplace old animals (19 percent of h
Page 315 and 316: Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
Page 317 and 318: Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
Page 319 and 320: 7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
Page 321 and 322: 1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
Page 323 and 324: next season, grain prices tend to b
Page 325 and 326: Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
Page 327 and 328: of grain production was reportedly
Page 329 and 330: instruments to mitigate price risks
Page 331 and 332: Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
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unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
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Table 14. Measures of wealth status
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Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
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Table 18. Determinants of participa
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_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
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REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
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Questions and responses Government
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Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
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Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
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of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
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The estimated model was of the form
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Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
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The most common ailments and diseas
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4.3 Factors influencing the level o
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Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
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Table 10 - Factors determining the
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Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
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Figure 4: Percentage of household h
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CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
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Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
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IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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