The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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was implemented in each community meeting. The tools used were a derivative of the approach developed by the IUCN for assessing rural sustainability (IUCN 1997). A copy of the PRA data collection instrument is attached in Appendix 3. The PRA process involved establishment of a common understanding of the natural resource base for the community by means of discussion and mapping, and various exercises to quantify trends in the availability, quality, and utilization of those resources - with a particular emphasis on aspects related to wetlands and agricultural production. Additional trends for population growth and composition, wealth, and sources of income were also explored. For purposes of trend analysis, attempts were made to quantify all aspects at two different time periods, the present (2001) and approximately 20 years ago. (Because of the significant events surrounding the overthrow of Idi Amin’s government in 1980, this proved an easy mental marker for people to tie comparisons to.) Standardization of the data collection process and reporting format allowed for simple trend analysis across the 20 locations using non-parametric statistical procedures. The process, however, did suffer from a certain lack of uniformity. The element of variability was due to the use of 6 different teams of research assistants employed to cope with the logistical constraints of completing both the community meetings and the household surveys in a limited time, as well as the high degree of cultural and language differences in the Lake Kyoga basin 21 . While every attempt was made to standardize approaches by means of training and pretesting, a degree of variation in application of the tools was observed. The topic most affected by this variability was the attempt to measure trends in the biodiversity of the local wetland. The number of species identified by the community participants depended more on the thoroughness and language skills of the facilitator, than on the actual diversity of the local environment. This problem seriously frustrated efforts to use this data to develop an index of local biodiversity. A thorough search of the secondary literature to find suitable data on biodiversity also proved fruitless. As a result, it became necessary to use an index of diversity of wetlands utilization to capture the element of environmental diversity in the critical triangle, rather than an index of biodiversity, which would have been a community level variable rather than a household level variable. Data analysis was done using a statistical package called Inter-cooled Stata (version 6.0). Analysis included generation of descriptive statistics, non-parametric analysis of the significance of trend rankings, regression analysis of the determinants of productivity, and development of Ordered Probit models to analyze the determinants of wetland diversity and food security. 5.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION This chapter presents findings in reference to the research questions as previously presented in section one. • What are the characteristics of the alternative forms of wetland utilization What is the demand for the respective types of wetland utilization and what is the economic contribution of each How has this changed over time 21 The research teams were formed around three major language groups (Luo, Ateso and Luganda) although local language differences resulted in some meetings needing to be conducted in either English or Swahili, with translation assistance provided by local extension staff or community leaders.
• What is the current extent of wetland utilization for agricultural purposes, and what has been the historical trend • What is the food security situation in the Lake Kyoga basin What are the factors that influence its distribution among households How has this changed over time • What are the determinants of agricultural productivity and how does this relate to food security and wetlands utilization The findings were obtained from the two primary sources of data, the community level PRA exercises and the household level survey data. Results are presented in tables and figures, showing relevant frequencies, percentages and chi-square tests. The chapter is divided into two sections. The first section presents the descriptive and trend characteristics of the study sample, at both the community and household level. The second section discusses econometric findings on the relationships between the three principle independent variables (Wetland Diversity, Food Security and Productivity) and their respective dependent variables. 5.1 Descriptive Statistics Regarding Wetland Utilization and Historical Trends Both the PRA and the household survey generated a wealth of information about the manner in which communities and households perceive the benefits they receive from living in an area blessed with wetlands. The PRA was specifically structured to solicit community perceptions of the changes in utilization of natural resources in the last twenty years and the resulting impact on incomes and food security. 5.2.1 Wetland Access and Uses The vast majority of households in the selected communities had access to wetland resources. As shown in the following table. This is to be expected; since the selection of communities was based on visual inspection of the NEMA maps to pick communities in each Sub county that were in close proximity to significant wetlands. Table 1. WETLAND ACCESS AND USES Number % Have Access to swamps that they either “own” or which are common property resources adjacent to their land. 277 94% Collect fuel wood from the Swamp 195 66% Use the swamp for hunting 40 14% Use the swamp for fishing 140 48% Use the swamp for grazing livestock 113 38% Use the swamp for agriculture (either through irrigation of by cultivating in the swamp fringes) 62 21% Collect building or craft materials from the swamp 223 76% Collect water for household use from the swamp. 62 21% The PRA exercise included preparation of an participatory map of the community. Using this to establish a common understanding of the resource base for the community, a ranking exercise
Page 1 and 2: Part One - Agricultural Productivit
Page 3 and 4: I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
Page 5 and 6: came about from expansion of cultiv
Page 7 and 8: study, therefore, limited itself to
Page 9 and 10: Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
Page 11 and 12: Table 6: Key economic variables for
Page 13 and 14: local seed in absolute terms and th
Page 15 and 16: Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
Page 17 and 18: Table 13: General constraints to ma
Page 19 and 20: These results clearly demonstrate t
Page 21 and 22: Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
Page 23 and 24: V. Policy Implications The findings
Page 25 and 26: References Appleton, Simon (2001).
Page 27 and 28: 1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
Page 29 and 30: egins with a summary of the literat
Page 31 and 32: Source: National Wetlands Conservat
Page 33 and 34: shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
Page 35 and 36: Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
Page 37 and 38: Uganda may well have more than a qu
Page 39 and 40: factors that explain household leve
Page 41 and 42: of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
Page 43 and 44: (PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
Page 45 and 46: agriculturalists, who still do not
Page 47 and 48: to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
Page 49: 4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
Page 53 and 54: Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Proportion of Households
Page 57 and 58: estimates are remarkably consistent
Page 59 and 60: FSI - Percentage by District Distri
Page 61 and 62: was corrected using the White-Huber
Page 63 and 64: utilization for the household. Howe
Page 65 and 66: The nature of the structures to con
Page 67 and 68: impact of irrigation on horticultur
Page 69 and 70: growing population. Wetland protect
Page 71 and 72: APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
Page 73 and 74: Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
Page 75 and 76: Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
Page 77 and 78: Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
Page 79 and 80: International Food Policy Research
Page 81 and 82: Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
Page 83 and 84: Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
Page 85 and 86: 1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
Page 87 and 88: In order to achieve these objective
Page 89 and 90: densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
Page 91 and 92: Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
Page 95 and 96: By 2001, land demarcation and regis
Page 97 and 98: 3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
Page 99 and 100: 3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
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Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
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Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
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of grain production was reportedly
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instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
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unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
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Table 14. Measures of wealth status
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Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
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Table 18. Determinants of participa
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_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
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REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
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Questions and responses Government
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Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
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Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
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of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
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The estimated model was of the form
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Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
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The most common ailments and diseas
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4.3 Factors influencing the level o
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Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
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Table 10 - Factors determining the
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Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
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Figure 4: Percentage of household h
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CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
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Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
Page 492:
IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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