The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of livestock owned and the estimated income from crop enterprise of the previous season Enterprise type % of farmers Sample mean Sample std. dev. undertaking the enterprise (n = 182) Cattle 77 5.960 9.80 Goats 97 27.30 29.75 Sheep 32 3.040 7.59 Maize income (Ksh/year) Cow peas income (Ksh/year) Sorghum income (Ksh/year) Millet income (Ksh/year) 97 15499 22777 71 2679 4680 30 836 2539 10 179 1108 Source: Survey data, 2001. Sample farmers kept about 5,523 small ruminants (goats and sheep) and 1,085 cattle during the year preceding the survey. This gave a sample average of 30 small ruminants and about 6 cattle per household. More goats were kept than sheep, at a ratio of 9:1. An analysis of the trends in livestock numbers following the privatization of veterinary services in 1991 showed that the proportion of farmers keeping cattle, sheep, and goats slightly increased between 1992 and 2001 (Figure 4), while the total number of livestock fell slightly (Figure 5). This reduction, however, may not be entirely attributable to changes in animal health service delivery. About half of the household heads interviewed engaged in some form of additional income generation besides crop sales and livestock off-take. These other activities included running small informal enterprises (30 percent) and employment in the government or private sector (20 percent). Furthermore, about 10 percent of spouses of household heads were also engaged in off-farm income generation. The mean annual nonfarm and farm incomes were Kshs 10,464 and Kshs 43,155, respectively. The total farm income, computed as sum of farm and nonfarm income, was not significantly different between male and female headed households (p < 0.05). Female-headed households formed 21 percent of the sample. The majority of household heads interviewed had a primary school education (Figure 6), and about 87 percent of the household heads visited were literate.
Figure 2 Trends in percentage of farmers keeping livestock, Mtito Andei division 120 100 % of Farmers 80 60 40 20 Cattle Goats Sheep 0 1992 1997 2001 Year Figure 3 Trends in sample livestock numbers (1992 - 2001), Mtito Andei 6000 5000 4000 Livestock No. 3000 2000 Cattle Goats Sheep 1000 0 1992 1997 2001 Year Source: Survey data, 2001
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
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Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
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Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
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of grain production was reportedly
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instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
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unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
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Table 14. Measures of wealth status
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Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
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Table 18. Determinants of participa
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_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
Page 359 and 360: 3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
Page 361 and 362: Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
Page 363 and 364: Poverty Increase in number of fishe
Page 365 and 366: Table 5: Responses given by various
Page 367 and 368: wages after the catch is sold (see
Page 369 and 370: 70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
Page 373 and 374: 5.3 Regulate the construction of re
Page 375 and 376: REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
Page 377 and 378: APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
Page 379 and 380: Questions and responses Government
Page 381 and 382: Questions and responses Lack of coo
Page 383 and 384: CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
Page 385 and 386: • Individuals are selected for tr
Page 388 and 389: Makueni district was selected becau
Page 390 and 391: 1.5 Justification of the study The
Page 392 and 393: more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
Page 394 and 395: of defined roles for CBAHWs within
Page 396 and 397: Interviews with veterinary officers
Page 398 and 399: The estimated model was of the form
Page 400 and 401: Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
Page 402 and 403: The most common ailments and diseas
Page 404 and 405: 4.3 Factors influencing the level o
Page 406 and 407: Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
Page 408 and 409: Table 10 - Factors determining the
Page 412 and 413: Figure 4: Percentage of household h
Page 414 and 415: CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
Page 416 and 417: Users of veterinarians’ services
Page 418 and 419: Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
Page 420 and 421: higher average calving per cow, whi
Page 422 and 423: Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
Page 424 and 425: epresentative of livestock keepers
Page 426 and 427: Despite the restriction imposed by
Page 428 and 429: veterinarians. Such associations co
Page 430 and 431: References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
Page 432 and 433: Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
Page 434 and 435: Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
Page 436 and 437: Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
Page 438 and 439: 1.1 Soil conservation programs and
Page 440 and 441: 1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
Page 442 and 443: Institutional and Policy factors -
Page 444 and 445: land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
Page 446 and 447: include density of membership in gr
Page 448 and 449: then summed up according to increas
Page 450 and 451: Social capital, resource use, and a
Page 452 and 453: Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
Page 454 and 455: Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
Page 456 and 457: Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
Page 458 and 459: Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
Page 484 and 485:
Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
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IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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