The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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of defined roles for CBAHWs within the policy framework is a key factor in professional veterinarians’ reservations about CBAHWs in Kenya in particular and in other developing countries in general. These technicalities, compounded by the lack of scientific evidence that CBAHW programs are effective, has led to active resistance to CBAHW programs. The viability and effectiveness of CBAHW programs is dependent upon communication, support, and cooperation with the professional veterinary system (De Haan and Bekure 1991). These professional systems consist of: • Professional veterinarians consisting mainly of degree holders; and • Two cadres of para-veterinarians (or paraprofessionals) who include diploma holders trained in animal health and certificate-level paraprofessionals trained at the animal health training institutes (AHITI). If CBAHWs are to provide livestock health services efficiently, they need to be an integral part of these services (Oakeley 2001). The appropriate roles of CBAHWs must be recognized by law and incorporated into the regulations governing animal health services. However, poor cooperation between CBAHWs and these traditional veterinary service providers has commonly left CBAHW programs reliant on structures set by the infrastructure of nongovernmental that established them (Sikana et al. 1992). Since one of the cornerstones of these programs is the referral of more complex cases and notifiable diseases to the professional veterinary system, the reporting of such cases has been patchy and ineffective because the professional system has low regard for CBAHW system. Oakeley (2001) reports that CBAHWs in Ghana carry an annually renewable license, which helps clarify the roles of these workers to all stakeholders, including other veterinarians and farmers. In Kenya the legal status of CBAHWs is particularly important with regard to the sale and use of veterinary drugs. Drug sales to livestock keepers are an important source of income, and restrictive drug controls constrain the role that CBAHWs are able to play (De Haan and Bekure 1991). If livestock keepers must go to veterinary drug shops for medicines, they are unlikely to seek the advice of CBAHWs who cannot provide the drugs they prescribe. The argument against liberalization of drug regulations is that it will risk the misuse of these drugs by poorly trained operators and farmers. This risk could be minimized by careful training and supervision of CBAHWs. Moreover, the existence of unofficial markets for veterinary drugs undercuts this argument against liberalization. These unofficial markets enable livestock keepers to buy and administer drugs unsupervised. The potential misuse of drugs obtained from unofficial markets could be minimized through the enhanced activities and accessibility of adequately trained CBAHWs. Oakeley (2001) argues that while the literature discusses how to engender community participation, it offers few insights into facilitating their institutional participation. Available literature reveals that key stakeholders such as field veterinary staff are not adequately involved in the planning and operation of some CBAHW projects (Sikana et al. 1992). NGOs have set up many projects to fund and support the early stages of implementation. Consequently, government services are not involved and thus feel no control or ownership when attempts are made to institutionalize the CBAHW model. Further complication arises from the fact that there exists little information as to whether these
programs are effective and impact positively on animal health service delivery. The dependence of these programs on external support leads to serious questioning of their sustainability. 3.0 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STUDY 3.1 Data collection methods Both primary and secondary data were collected from farmers and other stakeholders in the livestock industry in Makueni district. We collected these data via literature review, reconnaissance visits, and formal surveys. 3.1.1 Literature review Review of official and research documents was the main source of secondary data. These were collected from official documents from the various ministries, policy documents from the veterinary department and Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), and other relevant sources. District development plans and articles from various organizations including NGOs that have been involved in implementing CBAHW programs were also reviewed. The literature review allowed us to obtain a general picture of the environment, to understand the socioeconomic setting of study area, and to make a preliminary mapping of this area. At the same time, the review was undertaken to illuminate the nature and evolution of the participants in the animal health service market in the study area. 3.1.2 Reconnaissance visits We made reconnaissance visits to introduce ourselves to various stakeholders, to inform them of the aims of the study, and to make appointments for either discussion or document access, retrieval, and perusal. These visits also involved the following: Consultations with key stakeholders: These consultations were undertaken to assess what stakeholders think about CBAHW programs in their places of jurisdiction and how these programs should be strengthened. Consultations (interviews) were undertaken with key stakeholders from government departments, local communities, and district-based NGOs. Individual farmer interviews: We held informal discussions with some selected farmers focusing on the various sources of animal health services, their availability, reliability, cost, and effectiveness. The aim was to assess farmers’ opinion on the quality of information disseminated by CBAHWs. Interviews with implementers of CBAHW programs: These interviews focused on the training package of the CBAHW. This step involved examining the training manuals for the CBAHW programs and observing the caliber of the training personnel.
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
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Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
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Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
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of grain production was reportedly
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instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
Page 343 and 344: unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
Page 345 and 346: Table 14. Measures of wealth status
Page 347 and 348: Results from Regression Analysis Ta
Page 349 and 350: However, to maintain these benefits
Page 351 and 352: Table 18. Determinants of participa
Page 353 and 354: _______ 1981. Common property and c
Page 355 and 356: Management Regulations and Enforcem
Page 357 and 358: In theory, under PFM, the governmen
Page 359 and 360: 3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
Page 361 and 362: Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
Page 363 and 364: Poverty Increase in number of fishe
Page 365 and 366: Table 5: Responses given by various
Page 367 and 368: wages after the catch is sold (see
Page 369 and 370: 70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
Page 373 and 374: 5.3 Regulate the construction of re
Page 375 and 376: REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
Page 377 and 378: APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
Page 379 and 380: Questions and responses Government
Page 381 and 382: Questions and responses Lack of coo
Page 383 and 384: CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
Page 385 and 386: • Individuals are selected for tr
Page 388 and 389: Makueni district was selected becau
Page 390 and 391: 1.5 Justification of the study The
Page 392 and 393: more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
Page 396 and 397: Interviews with veterinary officers
Page 398 and 399: The estimated model was of the form
Page 400 and 401: Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
Page 402 and 403: The most common ailments and diseas
Page 404 and 405: 4.3 Factors influencing the level o
Page 406 and 407: Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
Page 408 and 409: Table 10 - Factors determining the
Page 410 and 411: Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
Page 412 and 413: Figure 4: Percentage of household h
Page 414 and 415: CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
Page 416 and 417: Users of veterinarians’ services
Page 418 and 419: Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
Page 420 and 421: higher average calving per cow, whi
Page 422 and 423: Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
Page 424 and 425: epresentative of livestock keepers
Page 426 and 427: Despite the restriction imposed by
Page 428 and 429: veterinarians. Such associations co
Page 430 and 431: References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
Page 432 and 433: Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
Page 434 and 435: Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
Page 436 and 437: Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
Page 438 and 439: 1.1 Soil conservation programs and
Page 440 and 441: 1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
Page 442 and 443: Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
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Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
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IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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