The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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eporting problem Poorly maintained roads (with potholes) 50 21.4 High transport costs 40 17.1 Muddy access roads 40 17.1 No problem 34 14.5 Does not transport maize 27 11.5 No means of transport 18 7.7 Insecurity 13 5.6 Impassable dry weather roads 9 3.8 High cess (fees) 2 0.9 Don’t know 1 0.4 Total 234 100 Source: Authors’ survey, 2001. Transport constraints appear to be limiting long-distance maize trading. About 60 percent of the traders who responded to the question of the distance from farm gate to the market where they sell indicated that they sold maize within a radius of 40 kilometers (Table 13). Poor transport network in the country not only restricts the access of households to available maize in the market, but also restricts the movement of maize by farmers or traders to market outlets owing to high transportation costs. It therefore hinders the efficient movement of maize under a free market regime. Efficient road networks should facilitate free and efficient movement of maize from surplus to deficit areas. Alderman and Shively (1996) note that in Ghana, there is room to reduce transport costs with public investments in improved infrastructure. Other researchers have emphasized the central importance of physical infrastructure, especially the network of rural feeder roads (Shaffer et al. 1985; Jayne et al. 1997; Gabre-Madhin 1998; Jones 1998; and Fafchamps 1999). A good infrastructure eases frictions in shipments between surplus and deficit areas, while an inefficient one impedes the rational marketing of commodities. Table 12--Transport problems by different type of traders Type of trader Problem % of traders Wholesaler (open air) High transport costs 23.8 Retailer (open air) Poorly maintained roads 29.5 Lorry traders Poorly maintained roads 40.0 Transporters Poorly maintained roads, high 20.0 transport costs, insecurity Wholesalers (store) High transport costs 30.4 Large-scale millers Poorly maintained roads 20.0 Bicycle traders Poor rural access roads 33.3 Posho millers Poorly maintained roads 23.1 NCPB Poor rural access roads 50.0 Source: Authors’ survey, 2001.
Table 13--Reported distances from the farm gate to the market by district Distance in km Number of traders responding by district Mbeere Nairobi Trans Migori Total % Nzoia 0–40 46 5 44 46 141 60.3 41–80 1 2 6 8 17 7.3 81–120 1 2 0 2 5 2.1 121–160 2 1 0 0 3 1.3 161–200 0 1 0 1 2 0.9 201–240 0 2 0 0 2 0.9 241–280 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 281–320 0 1 0 0 1 0.4 321–360 0 3 0 0 3 1.3 361–400 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 401–440 0 3 0 0 3 1.3 441–480 0 2 0 0 2 0.9 481–520 1 1 0 0 2 0.9 No response 9 37 4 3 53 22.6 Total 60 60 54 60 234 100 Source: Authors’ survey, 2001. 3.3.2 Storage Facilities This study seeks to establish the reasons why traders store maize, where they store their maize, and the storage problems that they face. In the maize-surplus districts the storage function is meant to assemble maize into large quantities (bulk building), whereas in the maize-deficit districts traders store maize for bulk breaking. Traders interviewed revealed that the main aim of storage is to stock maize in anticipation of price increases (Table 14). Table 14--Main reasons given by traders for storing maize Reason Number of traders reporting reason %
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
Page 139 and 140: Savings Households’ savings are a
Page 141 and 142: The value-added price is defined th
Page 143 and 144: Specifically, the Government polici
Page 145 and 146: Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
Page 147 and 148: disincentive to farmers. Inability
Page 149 and 150: competitiveness. The second one is
Page 151 and 152: Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
Page 153 and 154: Similar simulation is undertaken in
Page 155 and 156: References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
Page 157 and 158: Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
Page 159 and 160: (A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
Page 161 and 162: (A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
Page 163 and 164: Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
Page 165 and 166: VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
Page 169 and 170: As alluded to earlier, initial agri
Page 171 and 172: directly to dairy farmers as animal
Page 173 and 174: to engage in this new role, the gov
Page 175 and 176: 2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
Page 177 and 178: markets with minor gaps in data ser
Page 179 and 180: Price-series correlations are conve
Page 181 and 182: Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
Page 183 and 184: model depends on whether or not the
Page 185 and 186: Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
Page 187 and 188: Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
Page 189: 3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
Page 193 and 194: Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
Page 195 and 196: Table 17--Traders’ perception of
Page 197 and 198: 3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
Page 199 and 200: Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
Page 201 and 202: 3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
Page 203 and 204: 3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
Page 205 and 206: 5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
Page 207 and 208: Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
Page 209 and 210: Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
Page 211 and 212: Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
Page 213 and 214: Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
Page 215 and 216: Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
Page 217 and 218: Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
Page 219 and 220: Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
Page 221 and 222: Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
Page 225 and 226: A third, related explanation argues
Page 227 and 228: educed marketing costs related to p
Page 229 and 230: 1.4. Research questions This study
Page 231 and 232: 1.6. Organization of the report Thi
Page 233 and 234: the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
Page 235 and 236: Brokers believe that most regional
Page 237 and 238: There is also a close relationship
Page 239 and 240: Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
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Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
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Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
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of grain production was reportedly
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instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
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unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
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Table 14. Measures of wealth status
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Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
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Table 18. Determinants of participa
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_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
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REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
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Questions and responses Government
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Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
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Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
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of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
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The estimated model was of the form
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Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
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The most common ailments and diseas
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4.3 Factors influencing the level o
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Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
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Table 10 - Factors determining the
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Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
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Figure 4: Percentage of household h
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CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
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Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
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IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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