The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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The numbers of fishing gears in Lakes Malawi and Malombe is said to have doubled since 1995 (GOM 1993). There is no limit to the number of licenses issued, and the fishery is “open access”—that is, free to all entrants. 4.1.2 Noncompliance with fisheries regulations (such as use of illegal gears) PFM was principally introduced because it was perceived that fishers could not comply with fisheries regulations, like bans on the use of illegal gears and fishing during closed seasons. Interestingly, in this study, only a few gear owners (5 percent) attributed the chambo decline to use of illegal gears (Table 2), whereas all the BVCs noted this as a problem (Table 3). The fact that there is still noncompliance with the fisheries regulations even after introduction of PFM means that the BVCs may not have been effective. When asked why people did not comply with fisheries regulations, the majority of the gear owners interviewed (40 percent) gave poverty as the reason (Table 4). Table 4: Reasons given by the gear owners for not complying with fisheries regulations Reasons for not complying with fisheries regulations Frequency Percentage Poverty 48 46 Negligence 16 15 Lack of knowledge of importance of regulations 13 13 People are just troublesome 7 7 Reasons not known 7 7 Most people do comply 6 6 Nobody goes against regulations 4 4 Corruption 2 2 People do not advise each other 1 1 4.1.2 Poverty Gear owners and members of BVCs gave poverty as a reason why people failed to comply with management regulations and why more went into fishing: “land can’t give enough food!” (Tables 3 and 4). Similarly, GOM (2003) observed that owing to poverty and limited economic opportunities elsewhere, crop failure, and drought, more and more people, enticed by rising fish prices, entered the fishery as an alternative income-generating activity. Perhaps this explains why when asked about possible ways to curb overfishing, BVC members suggested offering loans to start other businesses (Table 5).
Table 5: Responses given by various Beach Village Committees on how to curb the problem of overfishing Suggested solutions to the problem of BVCs along Lake Malombe BVCs along Lake Malawi overfishing CHW MTE NTA CHZ SL LK KD NG NK KE Have government help people get loans * * * * * * * * * * Eliminate fishing during closed season * * * * * * * * * * Eliminate corruption * * * * * * * * * * Give nets to owners so they do not use * * * undermeshed nets Limit the number of fishers operating in the * area Introduce irrigation * Introduce fish farming * * * * * Introduce closed season for MALDECO Increase cooperation and unity among * * * * * * * * * institutions Extend closed season to 2–3 years * * * Toughen enforcement on regulations; seize * * * * * * all chambo fished in closed season Have frequent BVC meetings * * * * * Train BVC members * * * * * * * * * * Dump old cars in the lake to create sanctuaries * Note: CHW = Chiwaula; NTA = Ntanga; CHZ = Chizumbi; LK = Likulungwa; KD = Kadango; NG = Ng’ombe; NK = Nkali; KE = Kera/Makawa. Another question then arose: who are the poor who need loans to start alternative incomegenerating activities Why did past efforts to introduce income-generating activities not help reduce entry into the fishery Further investigation showed that both gear owners and crew members depended heavily on fishing for their livelihoods (Figures 5 and 6). Farming 6/5% Other 4/3% Fishing 113/92% Figure 5: Major source of livelihood for gear owners
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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Page 315 and 316: Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Page 319 and 320: 7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
Page 321 and 322: 1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
Page 323 and 324: next season, grain prices tend to b
Page 325 and 326: Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
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Page 329 and 330: instruments to mitigate price risks
Page 331 and 332: Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
Page 333 and 334: Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
Page 337 and 338: The objectives of DRS were to popul
Page 339 and 340: increasing participation. Thus, the
Page 341 and 342: Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
Page 343 and 344: unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
Page 345 and 346: Table 14. Measures of wealth status
Page 347 and 348: Results from Regression Analysis Ta
Page 349 and 350: However, to maintain these benefits
Page 351 and 352: Table 18. Determinants of participa
Page 353 and 354: _______ 1981. Common property and c
Page 355 and 356: Management Regulations and Enforcem
Page 357 and 358: In theory, under PFM, the governmen
Page 359 and 360: 3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
Page 361 and 362: Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
Page 363: Poverty Increase in number of fishe
Page 367 and 368: wages after the catch is sold (see
Page 369 and 370: 70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
Page 373 and 374: 5.3 Regulate the construction of re
Page 375 and 376: REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
Page 377 and 378: APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
Page 379 and 380: Questions and responses Government
Page 381 and 382: Questions and responses Lack of coo
Page 383 and 384: CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
Page 385 and 386: • Individuals are selected for tr
Page 388 and 389: Makueni district was selected becau
Page 390 and 391: 1.5 Justification of the study The
Page 392 and 393: more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
Page 394 and 395: of defined roles for CBAHWs within
Page 396 and 397: Interviews with veterinary officers
Page 398 and 399: The estimated model was of the form
Page 400 and 401: Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
Page 402 and 403: The most common ailments and diseas
Page 404 and 405: 4.3 Factors influencing the level o
Page 406 and 407: Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
Page 408 and 409: Table 10 - Factors determining the
Page 410 and 411: Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
Page 412 and 413: Figure 4: Percentage of household h
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CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
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Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
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IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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