The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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Other 2/2% Fishing 112/98% Figure 6: Major source of livelihood for crew members The results also showed that whereas both gear owners and crew members stated that fishing was their source of livelihood, gear owners had much higher incomes than crew members. The income obtained from various gears in Table 6 is shared between gear owners and crew members, with each of the latter getting about 10 percent of the income. Table 6: Incomes from various gears in Lakes Malawi and Malombe Average quantity of fish caught Average income (MK/gear/day) Gear type Lake Malawi n Lake Malombe n Lake Malawi n Lake Malombe n Chilimira 50 tins + 2 dozen 35 12,284 30 Nkacha 38 tin + 2.8 dozen 7 32 tins + 1.4 dozen 31 8,559 30 1,510 30 Gill nets 6.2 tins+ 11 dozen 28 5.8 tins + 13 dozen 21 1,575 30 893 30 Kandwindwi 20 tins + 3 dozen 2 7,500 30 Seine nets 20 dozen 1 Chikokweza 18 tins + 10 dozen 2 Note: Incomes presented took into account fixed and variable costs. MK = Malawi kwacha. At the time of the study, approximately MK70 = US$1. n is sample size Gear owners hire crew members and pay them based on the catch. Usually the whole crew is paid half the income from the day’s catch, which is shared among them. The number of crew members depends on gear type. A single person would operate a gill net, whereas chilimira and nkacha may employ up to 8 persons. Chilimira are open seine nets, usually 30–40 meters long and 10–15 meters wide. After the day’s fishing the crew members are entitled to a proportional wage and a limited amount of fish for relish. They are supposed to get their
wages after the catch is sold (see Photo B). For example, if the gear owner is paid MK1, 510 (that is, the average income for nkacha in Lake Malombe) and there are 7 members in the crew, each one gets only MK108 (about US$1.5 for the day) whereas the gear owner gets about US$11 for the day. 4.1.4 Habitat destruction and environmental degradation A number of reports suggest that habitat degradation is one important factor responsible for chambo decline. Degradation could result either from destructive fishing practices, such as use of seine nets, or from development of resorts and cottages along the beaches (Njaya and Chimatiro 1999). Removal of submerged aquatic vegetation beds in shallow areas exposes juvenile chambo to predation (GOM 2003). All these reports are anecdotal, but during the study the fishermen noted that relatively higher catches were obtained along the eastern bank of the southeast arm of Lake Malawi, where vegetation was still intact along the shoreline. 4.1.5 Siltation Siltation is said to affect the breeding of chambo (EAD 2000), but no quantitative studies have been made to relate siltation to the decline in chambo fishery. Siltation is much more prevalent in the catchments area of Lake Malombe. 4.1.6 Weather changes Nineteen percent of the gear owners that were interviewed (Table 2) attributed the decline in chambo fishery to changes in weather. While no studies have been conducted to determine the weather effects on a fishery, the combined effects of increasing temperatures and decreased wind speed have been said to stabilize the waters of Lake Tanganyika and reduced the water mixing. This is said to diminish productivity in Lake Tanganyika, resulting in fish yields about 30 percent lower (Plisnier 1997). There is a need to study the effects of weather and climatic changes on the chambo fishery.
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
Page 315 and 316: Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
Page 317 and 318: Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
Page 319 and 320: 7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
Page 321 and 322: 1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
Page 323 and 324: next season, grain prices tend to b
Page 325 and 326: Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
Page 327 and 328: of grain production was reportedly
Page 329 and 330: instruments to mitigate price risks
Page 331 and 332: Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
Page 333 and 334: Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
Page 337 and 338: The objectives of DRS were to popul
Page 339 and 340: increasing participation. Thus, the
Page 341 and 342: Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
Page 343 and 344: unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
Page 345 and 346: Table 14. Measures of wealth status
Page 347 and 348: Results from Regression Analysis Ta
Page 349 and 350: However, to maintain these benefits
Page 351 and 352: Table 18. Determinants of participa
Page 353 and 354: _______ 1981. Common property and c
Page 355 and 356: Management Regulations and Enforcem
Page 357 and 358: In theory, under PFM, the governmen
Page 359 and 360: 3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
Page 361 and 362: Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
Page 363 and 364: Poverty Increase in number of fishe
Page 365: Table 5: Responses given by various
Page 369 and 370: 70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
Page 373 and 374: 5.3 Regulate the construction of re
Page 375 and 376: REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
Page 377 and 378: APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
Page 379 and 380: Questions and responses Government
Page 381 and 382: Questions and responses Lack of coo
Page 383 and 384: CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
Page 385 and 386: • Individuals are selected for tr
Page 388 and 389: Makueni district was selected becau
Page 390 and 391: 1.5 Justification of the study The
Page 392 and 393: more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
Page 394 and 395: of defined roles for CBAHWs within
Page 396 and 397: Interviews with veterinary officers
Page 398 and 399: The estimated model was of the form
Page 400 and 401: Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
Page 402 and 403: The most common ailments and diseas
Page 404 and 405: 4.3 Factors influencing the level o
Page 406 and 407: Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
Page 408 and 409: Table 10 - Factors determining the
Page 410 and 411: Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
Page 412 and 413: Figure 4: Percentage of household h
Page 414 and 415: CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
Page 484 and 485:
Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
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IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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