The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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Figure 3. The Distribution of Income From Various Sources in the Lake Kyoga Catchment Area (Survey Data) 4% 3% 3% 7% 16% 4% 10% 1% 5% 47% Other Wetland Benefits Agriculture Gifts Fishing Casual Labour Trade Rural Services Brewing Wage Livestock When wetlands contribution to agriculture, livestock and fishing was separated out (to avoid double counting of earnings) the proportion of income from wetlands benefits fell to 5%. Agriculture remains the largest contributor at 47%. Followed by livestock at 16% and fishing at 10%. Trade contributed 7% of the income in these communities. Figure 4. Number of Off Farm Income Sources 3 9% >3 2% 0 21% The survey data revealed that the majority of households had recourse to more than one source of income. Only 21% of households were entirely dependent on agriculture. 43% had one additional source of off-farm income, while 36% had two or more sources of off-farm income. 2 25% 1 43% As seen in the figure on the next page, the most common source of additional income was casual labour, with 34% of households engaged in sale of labour (either for cash or for food) during the year. This was followed in almost equal proportions by fishing, sale of services, and rural trade with brewing and distilling following very closely. Wage earners clearly formed a distinct minority, with only 10% of households having a wage earner in the family.
Figure 5. Proportion of Households Earning Non-Farm Income by Source (From Household Survey Data) 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Wages 10% Brewing/Distilling 18% Trading None (only Agriculture) 21% 21% 21% 23% c Rural Services Fishing Casual Labour 34% 5.2.3 Trends in Food Consumption Patterns The next area of analysis was changes in food consumption patterns over time, with particular emphasis on coping mechanisms for dealing with periods of food shortage. The food consumption trend patterns are illustrated in the figure below. Figure 6. Changes in Food Consumption Patterns During Times of Abundance and Shortage 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Abundan ce 2001 Abundan ce 1981 Shortage 2001 Shortage 1981 Cassava 25% 21% 21% 21% Sw eetPotato 21% 17% 7% 12% Maize 11% 7% 16% 5% Millet 13% 26% 9% 17% Sorghum 8% 8% 20% 13% Wild 0% 0% 12% 17% Legumes 9% 11% 9% 10% Changes in consumption of millet (declining) and maize (increasing) during times of abundance are both significant at the 1% level. With respect to trends in consumption during times of
Page 1 and 2:
Part One - Agricultural Productivit
Page 3 and 4: I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
Page 5 and 6: came about from expansion of cultiv
Page 7 and 8: study, therefore, limited itself to
Page 9 and 10: Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
Page 11 and 12: Table 6: Key economic variables for
Page 13 and 14: local seed in absolute terms and th
Page 15 and 16: Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
Page 17 and 18: Table 13: General constraints to ma
Page 19 and 20: These results clearly demonstrate t
Page 21 and 22: Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
Page 23 and 24: V. Policy Implications The findings
Page 25 and 26: References Appleton, Simon (2001).
Page 27 and 28: 1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
Page 29 and 30: egins with a summary of the literat
Page 31 and 32: Source: National Wetlands Conservat
Page 33 and 34: shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
Page 35 and 36: Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
Page 37 and 38: Uganda may well have more than a qu
Page 39 and 40: factors that explain household leve
Page 41 and 42: of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
Page 43 and 44: (PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
Page 45 and 46: agriculturalists, who still do not
Page 47 and 48: to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
Page 49 and 50: 4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
Page 51 and 52: • What is the current extent of w
Page 53: Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
Page 57 and 58: estimates are remarkably consistent
Page 59 and 60: FSI - Percentage by District Distri
Page 61 and 62: was corrected using the White-Huber
Page 63 and 64: utilization for the household. Howe
Page 65 and 66: The nature of the structures to con
Page 67 and 68: impact of irrigation on horticultur
Page 69 and 70: growing population. Wetland protect
Page 71 and 72: APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
Page 73 and 74: Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
Page 75 and 76: Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
Page 77 and 78: Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
Page 79 and 80: International Food Policy Research
Page 81 and 82: Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
Page 83 and 84: Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
Page 85 and 86: 1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
Page 87 and 88: In order to achieve these objective
Page 89 and 90: densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
Page 91 and 92: Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
Page 95 and 96: By 2001, land demarcation and regis
Page 97 and 98: 3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
Page 99 and 100: 3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
Page 101 and 102: questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
Page 103 and 104: Figure 10: Availability of hired la
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
Page 285 and 286:
Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
Page 293 and 294:
Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
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Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
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Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
Page 327 and 328:
of grain production was reportedly
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instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
Page 335 and 336:
CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
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unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
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Table 14. Measures of wealth status
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Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
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Table 18. Determinants of participa
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_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
Page 375 and 376:
REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
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Questions and responses Government
Page 381 and 382:
Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
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Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
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of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
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The estimated model was of the form
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Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
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The most common ailments and diseas
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4.3 Factors influencing the level o
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Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
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Table 10 - Factors determining the
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Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
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Figure 4: Percentage of household h
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CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
Page 466 and 467:
Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
Page 480 and 481:
Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
Page 484 and 485:
Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
Page 486 and 487:
Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
Page 488 and 489:
Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
Page 490 and 491:
Appendix: Projects Supported Under
Page 492:
IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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