The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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References Abebe H. Gabriel (1990) Generating Marketed Surplus through State Farms: A Critical Evaluation of the Ethiopian Experience. Working Paper No. 90, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands. Abebe H. Gabriel (2000). Development Strategies and the Ethiopian Peasantry: Supply Response and Rural Differentiation. Shaker Publishing: Maastricht. Abebe H. Gabriel (2001) Towards Explaining Some Distortions in Agriculture-Industry Intersectoral Linkages: Generation Capacities and Patterns of Utilization of Marketed Surplus of Food. In Mulat Demeke and Tassew Woldehanna (eds) Explaining Economic Growth and Development in Ethiopia. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference on the Ethiopian Economy. Ethiopian Economics Association. Nazareth, Ethiopia. Abebe H. Gabriel (2002a) Cereals Production and Marketing in Ethiopia: Opportunities, Constraints and Entailing Impacts for achieving Food Security in the Greater Horn of Africa. Paper Presented at a Regional Trade Analytical Agenda (RTAA) Dissemination Meeting on “Exploiting Existing Potentials in Cross-Border Trade to Achieve Food Security in the Greater Horn of Africa”. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Abebe H. Gabriel (2002b). The Challenges of Achieving Agricultural Development in Ethiopia: A Macro-policy Perspective. In Workineh Negatu, Legesse Dadhi and Abebe H. Gabriel (eds) Agricultural Policy in Ethiopia's Economic Development: Scope, Issues and Propsects. Proceedings of the 6 th Annual Conference of Agricultural Economics Society of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Admassu, Shimelis (2001) Post- harvest Sector Challenges and Opportunities in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa. Amemiya, T. (1985) Advanced Econometrics. Oxford : Blackwell Amha, Wolday (1994) Food Grain Marketing Development in Ethiopia after the market Reform of 1990: A case study of Alaba Siraro District, Koster Publisher, Berlin. Amha, Wolday (1999) Maize Marketing In Ethiopia: Liberalization and Price Integration issues. Ethiopian Journal of Development Research. Vol. 21, No. 1. Ashagari, Dereje (2000) The Utilization and Conditions of Postharvest Concept in Ethiopia. In EARO. Postharvest Food Preparation and Storage, and Research and Extension on Agricultural by-products Utilization Technologies. Amharic Version. Assefa, Tesfaye (1989) An Economic Analysis of Cooperative Farming in the Highland of Ethiopia with special Emphasis on the Mixed farming Systems. Germany: Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk, Kiel. Bedhadha, Kassahun (2000) The Importance of Postharvest Technologies to Reduce Stored Grains with special reference to farmers. EARO. Postharvest Food Preparation and Storage, and Research and Extension on Agricultural by-products Utilization Technologies. Amharic Version. Beets, W.C. (1990). Raising and Sustaining Productivity of Smallholder Farming Systems in the Tropics: A Handbook of Sustainable Agricultural Development. Alkmaar, the Netherlands: AgBe Publishing. Berg, E., and L. Kent (1991). The Economics of Cereal Banks in the Sahel. Paper prepared for the USAID, Bethesda, USA. Blaum, A. and Abate Bekele (2002). Storing Grains as a Survival Strategy of Small Farmers in Ethiopia. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. Vol. 9, No. 1. pp77- 83 Central Statistical Authority. (1988). Rural Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey. Statistical Bulletin 61. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002). The Role of Warehouse Receipt Systems in Enhanced Commodity Marketing and Rural Livelihoods in Africa. Food Policy, 27, 319-337. Coursey, D.G. 1983. Postharvest losses in perishable foods of the developing world. In: M. Lieberman (ed.), Postharvest Physiology and Crop Preservation, Plenum Publ. Corp., New York, NY, pp. 485-514. Coursey, D.G.and F.J. Proctor (n.d.) Towards the Quantification of Post-Harvest Loss in Horticultural Produce. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 49: III Africa Symposium on Horticultural Crops. http://www.actahort.org/books/49/index.htm Dadi, Legesse; Gemechu Gedeno, Tesfaye Kumsa and Getahun Degu (1987). Bako Mixed Farming Zone Diagnostic Survey Report. Bako Agricultural Research Center, Department of Agricultural Economics and Farming Systems Research, Report No. 1. Bako, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO) (2000). Postharvest Food Preparation and Storage, and Research and Extension on Agricultural by-products Utilization Technologies. Amharic Version. Proceedings of the Workshop and Exhibition on Postharvest Food Preparation and Research and Extension on Agricultural by-products Utilization Technologies. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Economics Association/Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute (2002) Annual Report on the Ethiopian Economy. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, (1998). Map Shows the Food Supply Gap between Rich and Poor Countries. News and Highlights. http://www.fao.org./NEWS/1998/981204-e.htm Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations/United Nations Environmental Programme. 1981. Food Loss Prevention in Perishable Crops. 1980 Report of the FAO/UNEP Expert Consultation on the Reduction of Food Losses in Perishables. Rome. Gabre-Madhin, Z. Eleni (2001). Market Institutions, Transaction Costs, and Social Capital in the Ethiopian Grain Market. Research Report 124. IFPRI. Washington, D.C. Gebre-Maskel, Dessalegn, T. S. Jayne and J.D. Shaffer (1998) Market Structure, Conduct and Performance: Constraints and Performance of Grain Markets. Working Paper No. 8. Grain Marketing Research Project, Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Goletti, F. and C. Wolf (1999). The Impact of Post-harvest Research. MSS Discussion Paper No. 29. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, D.C. Gunther, D. and O. Muck (1995). Les bankques de cereals ont-elles fair banqueroute GTZ Escchborn. Gurmu, Shiferaw (1986) Baseline Survey of Production, Marketing and Proceedings of Sorghum and Other cereals in Alemaya area. Research Report No. 25 Institute of Development Research, Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University. Howard, J., Ali Said, Daniel Molla, P. Diskin, and S. Bogale (1995) ‘Toward Increased Domestic Cereal Production in Ethiopia.’ Working Paper No. 3. Addis Ababa. Grain Market Research Project, Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation. Jonsson, L.O. (1972) Possibilities for Improvements of Threshing Methods in Ethiopian Highlands. Agricultural Engineering Department. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Uppssala, Sweden. Kwansoo Kim and Jean-Paul Chavas. 2003. Technological change and risk management: an application to the Economics of Corn Production. Agricultural Economics. 29 (2) pp. 125- 142. October. Kwarteng, J. (ed) 1999. Enhancing Postharvest Technology Generation and Dissemination in Africa. Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing Postharvest Technology Generation and Dissemination in Africa. Sasakawa Africa Association, Mexico City.
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
Page 279 and 280: Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
Page 281 and 282: • a legal, regulatory, and enforc
Page 283 and 284: REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
Page 285 and 286: Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
Page 287 and 288: achieve some welfare objective. The
Page 289 and 290: Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
Page 291 and 292: Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
Page 293 and 294: Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
Page 295 and 296: Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
Page 297 and 298: CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
Page 299 and 300: only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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Page 303 and 304: occur at all stages of post-harvest
Page 305 and 306: Endowment & access to Resources (e.
Page 307 and 308: Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
Page 309 and 310: (6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
Page 311 and 312: Intercrop differences Liquidity con
Page 313 and 314: eplace old animals (19 percent of h
Page 315 and 316: Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
Page 317 and 318: Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
Page 319 and 320: 7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
Page 321 and 322: 1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
Page 323 and 324: next season, grain prices tend to b
Page 325 and 326: Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
Page 327 and 328: of grain production was reportedly
Page 329: instruments to mitigate price risks
Page 333 and 334: Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
Page 337 and 338: The objectives of DRS were to popul
Page 339 and 340: increasing participation. Thus, the
Page 341 and 342: Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
Page 343 and 344: unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
Page 345 and 346: Table 14. Measures of wealth status
Page 347 and 348: Results from Regression Analysis Ta
Page 349 and 350: However, to maintain these benefits
Page 351 and 352: Table 18. Determinants of participa
Page 353 and 354: _______ 1981. Common property and c
Page 355 and 356: Management Regulations and Enforcem
Page 357 and 358: In theory, under PFM, the governmen
Page 359 and 360: 3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
Page 361 and 362: Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
Page 363 and 364: Poverty Increase in number of fishe
Page 365 and 366: Table 5: Responses given by various
Page 367 and 368: wages after the catch is sold (see
Page 369 and 370: 70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
Page 373 and 374: 5.3 Regulate the construction of re
Page 375 and 376: REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
Page 377 and 378: APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
Page 379 and 380: Questions and responses Government
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Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
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Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
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of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
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The estimated model was of the form
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Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
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The most common ailments and diseas
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4.3 Factors influencing the level o
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Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
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Table 10 - Factors determining the
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Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
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Figure 4: Percentage of household h
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CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
Page 482 and 483:
Social capital and watershed develo
Page 484 and 485:
Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
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IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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