The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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Fifth, we have also examined the findings of this study against PMA interventions. While the qualitative assessment of the constraints to production reveals that pests and diseases, both for crops and livestock, are major constraints to productivity, government interventions in the PMA are not aggressively tackling this problem. In the PMA, the government commits to handle pests and diseases that are of epidemic proportion, and argues that farmers ought to be responsible for purchase of chemicals to fight any other pests or diseases. It seems the problem needs a more integrated approach. In the short run, farmers complain about the high cost of inputs—among them, pesticides—yet government is limited in its ability to subsidize inputs. Additionally, even if farmers were willing to borrow and purchase the necessary inputs, rural micro-finance is not readily available. One of the PMA interventions is rural finance, but this is yet to be operationalized. In the long run, research has got to focus on developing pest and disease resistant maize varieties and cattle breeds. The research agenda also needs to be informed by the constraints facing farmers Finally, the study did not establish why livestock farmers are not adopting improved cattle breeds. But what is clear is that non-adoption is not due to technology being unprofitable. Findings suggest, to some extent, that low adoption could be linked to the limited access to sizeable pieces of land, low literacy levels (since close to half of the farmers had only attained primary education), which could have resulted in limited appreciation of improved technologies. This is an area that warrants further investigation. The gender aspects of technology adoption also need to be explored further as this was not possible in this study where the majority of respondents were male.
References Appleton, Simon (2001). Poverty in Uganda, 1999/2000: Preliminary estimates from the Uganda National household Survey. University of Nottingham. Kalirajan, K.P., Obwona, M.B. and Zhao, S., 1996. "A Decomposition of Total Factor Productivity Growth: The Case of Chinese Agricultural Growth Before and After Reforms". Amer. J. Agr. Econ. 78 (May 1996): 331-338. MAAIF, 1996. "Modernization of Agriculture in Uganda. The Way Forward 1996 - 2001". Medium-term Agricultural Sector Modernization Plan for Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Uganda Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) and Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFPED), 2000. Plan for Modernization of Agriculture: Eradicating Poverty in Uganda. Government Strategy and Operational Framework. Kampala, Uganda. MFPED/UPPAP, 2003. The 2 nd Participatory Poverty Assessment Report. Depeening the Understanding of Poverty, Kampala. MFPED, 2001. Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2001-2003). Vol. 1. MOPS, 2001. National Service Delivery Survey. NIDA, 2001. Assessment of Socioeconomic Benefits of SG200 Interventions in Uganda. Nkoola Institutional Development Associates (NIDA). Savadogo, K., Reardon, T. and Pietola, T., 1994. “Farm Productivity in Burkina Faso: Effects of Animal Traction and Nonfarm Income”. Amer. J. Agr. Econ. 76 (August 1994): 608-612. Thirlwall, A.P. 1983. Growth and Development with Special Reference to Developing Economies. Macmillan Education Ltd, Hampshire. Varian, Hal R. 1992. Microeconomic Analysis. Third Edition. W.W. Norton &Company. World Bank, 2001. PRSP Progress Report 2001. Washington DC: World Bank.
Page 1 and 2: Part One - Agricultural Productivit
Page 3 and 4: I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
Page 5 and 6: came about from expansion of cultiv
Page 7 and 8: study, therefore, limited itself to
Page 9 and 10: Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
Page 11 and 12: Table 6: Key economic variables for
Page 13 and 14: local seed in absolute terms and th
Page 15 and 16: Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
Page 17 and 18: Table 13: General constraints to ma
Page 19 and 20: These results clearly demonstrate t
Page 21 and 22: Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
Page 23: V. Policy Implications The findings
Page 27 and 28: 1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
Page 29 and 30: egins with a summary of the literat
Page 31 and 32: Source: National Wetlands Conservat
Page 33 and 34: shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
Page 35 and 36: Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
Page 37 and 38: Uganda may well have more than a qu
Page 39 and 40: factors that explain household leve
Page 41 and 42: of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
Page 43 and 44: (PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
Page 45 and 46: agriculturalists, who still do not
Page 47 and 48: to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
Page 49 and 50: 4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
Page 51 and 52: • What is the current extent of w
Page 53 and 54: Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Proportion of Households
Page 57 and 58: estimates are remarkably consistent
Page 59 and 60: FSI - Percentage by District Distri
Page 61 and 62: was corrected using the White-Huber
Page 63 and 64: utilization for the household. Howe
Page 65 and 66: The nature of the structures to con
Page 67 and 68: impact of irrigation on horticultur
Page 69 and 70: growing population. Wetland protect
Page 71 and 72: APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
Page 73 and 74: Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
Page 75 and 76:
Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
Page 81 and 82:
Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
Page 161 and 162:
(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
Page 249 and 250:
3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
Page 277 and 278:
Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
Page 287 and 288:
achieve some welfare objective. The
Page 289 and 290:
Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
Page 293 and 294:
Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
Page 295 and 296:
Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
Page 301 and 302:
of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
Page 307 and 308:
Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
Page 309 and 310:
(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
Page 315 and 316:
Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
Page 325 and 326:
Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
Page 327 and 328:
of grain production was reportedly
Page 329 and 330:
instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
Page 333 and 334:
Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
Page 337 and 338:
The objectives of DRS were to popul
Page 339 and 340:
increasing participation. Thus, the
Page 341 and 342:
Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
Page 343 and 344:
unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
Page 345 and 346:
Table 14. Measures of wealth status
Page 347 and 348:
Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
Page 351 and 352:
Table 18. Determinants of participa
Page 353 and 354:
_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
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REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
Page 379 and 380:
Questions and responses Government
Page 381 and 382:
Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
Page 388 and 389:
Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
Page 394 and 395:
of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
Page 398 and 399:
The estimated model was of the form
Page 400 and 401:
Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
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The most common ailments and diseas
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4.3 Factors influencing the level o
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Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
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Table 10 - Factors determining the
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Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
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Figure 4: Percentage of household h
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CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
Page 464 and 465:
households may pay less attention t
Page 466 and 467:
Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
Page 470 and 471:
Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
Page 472 and 473:
5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
Page 476 and 477:
essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
Page 482 and 483:
Social capital and watershed develo
Page 484 and 485:
Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
Page 486 and 487:
Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
Page 488 and 489:
Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
Page 490 and 491:
Appendix: Projects Supported Under
Page 492:
IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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