The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of whether or not involvement in social activities has helped farmers Responses Machakos Taita-Taveta Combined Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Yes 127 88.8 99 63.9 226 75.8 No 16 11.2 56 36.1 72 24.2 Total 143 100 155 100 298 100 Source: Field survey, 2003 Discussions conducted in eight villages in the two districts show substantial differences in social capital. This apparently explains the higher percentage (88.8 percent) of positive response for Machakos, compared with Taita-Taveta (63.9 percent) in Table 4.4. We observed that people in Machakos District were more willing to participate in discussions about various groups existing within their villages. Attendance was quite high, and participants shared foodstuffs such as bread and soft drinks. Moreover, the enumerators engaged in the household survey were often invited for a cup of tea, porridge, or even githeri. 16 This was hardly observed in Taita-Taveta District. 4.2 Social capital inventory: A qualitative analysis In this section, qualitative information on social capital is examined to gain insights into its different dimensions in the study sites, and more important, to relate social capital to outcome variables such as household welfare and poverty and general developmental indicators as perceived by the respondents. The qualitative analysis centers on three basic indicators of social capital: membership in associations and networks (the structural dimension), trust and adherence to norms (the cognitive dimension), and collective action (the output dimension). Structural social capital An important aspect of structural capital is that which relates to empowerment and political action. This refers to the expansion of assets and capabilities of people to participate in, negotiate with, influence, control, and hold the institutions that affect their lives accountable (World Bank 2002). Empowerment occurs as a result of making state institutions more responsive to poor people, removing social barriers, and building social opportunity (World Bank 2000). In the study area, some of the aspects of empowerment and political action considered included participation in elections, petitioning of authorities, information campaigns, protest marches, and communal participatory decision-making processes. There is an incidental degree of variation in participation in various aspects of empowerment and political participation (Table 4.5). Although more than 80 percent of the respondents participated in the election process, this high participation is likely a result of the anticipated political change in the general elections held in 2002. It is also possible that the local client-patron relationship, particularly in Machakos, could have added to this. The respondents of the two districts acted differently when it came to contacting influential persons or elected representatives. These contacts were more pronounced in Taita-Taveta 16 This is a meal consisting of boiled beans and maize.
than in Machakos. This is indicative of the unsophisticated social capital structures in Taita- Taveta, which motivates individuals to seek audience with persons they regard as authoritative, instead of meeting with community or village members. In debates on local problems, the residents in Taita-Taveta seem to be more active. This may be indicative of the intensity of the residents concern about problems, compared with Machakos. Alternatively it could mean that Taita-Taveta residents are more empowered to engage in actions on issues that they perceive have a bearing in their development. This is further reflected in the question on individual influence in village decisions, where close to 60 percent of the respondents indicated that they do have some or a lot of influence on decisions involving improvement of their village. Moreover, in Taita-Taveta more than 80 percent of the respondents indicated that the whole village participates in deciding about a community project, compared with 56 percent in Machakos. In general, community participation as a source of development decisions is relatively well developed, which is an indicator of local empowerment. Such a high level of participation could possibly be an outcome of social capital. Cognitive social capital Trust and solidarity are proxy variables that can be used to capture cognitive social capital and they are, most likely, self-reinforcing. Trust operates when there is confidence in other agents, despite other uncertainties, risks, and the possibility for them to act opportunistically (Miszta 1996; Gambetta 1988). Trust can come from both generalized norms of morality and more personalized sources embedded in social networks. Regarding trust and solidarity, various aspects can be discerned from Tables 4.6 and 4.7—as measured by the respondents’ expectations about and experience with behavior that requires trust. Most respondents indicated they would render help if a misfortune befell a member of the community. This behavior is more pronounced in Machakos than in Taita-Taveta. Further, the perception of receiving assistance from members of the community or mutual assistance groups, or the family extending assistance to members of the community is more pronounced in Machakos than in Taita-Taveta, with about 89 percent in Machakos and 49 percent in Taita-Taveta expecting support and help from mutual groups.
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
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Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
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Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
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of grain production was reportedly
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instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
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unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
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Table 14. Measures of wealth status
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Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
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Table 18. Determinants of participa
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_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
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REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
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Questions and responses Government
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Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
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Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
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of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
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The estimated model was of the form
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Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
Page 402 and 403: The most common ailments and diseas
Page 404 and 405: 4.3 Factors influencing the level o
Page 406 and 407: Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
Page 408 and 409: Table 10 - Factors determining the
Page 410 and 411: Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
Page 412 and 413: Figure 4: Percentage of household h
Page 414 and 415: CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
Page 416 and 417: Users of veterinarians’ services
Page 418 and 419: Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
Page 420 and 421: higher average calving per cow, whi
Page 422 and 423: Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
Page 424 and 425: epresentative of livestock keepers
Page 426 and 427: Despite the restriction imposed by
Page 428 and 429: veterinarians. Such associations co
Page 430 and 431: References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
Page 432 and 433: Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
Page 434 and 435: Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
Page 436 and 437: Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
Page 438 and 439: 1.1 Soil conservation programs and
Page 440 and 441: 1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
Page 442 and 443: Institutional and Policy factors -
Page 444 and 445: land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
Page 446 and 447: include density of membership in gr
Page 448 and 449: then summed up according to increas
Page 450 and 451: Social capital, resource use, and a
Page 454 and 455: Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
Page 456 and 457: Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
Page 458 and 459: Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
Page 460 and 461: 5. The influence of social capital
Page 462 and 463: especially when considered on an ad
Page 464 and 465: households may pay less attention t
Page 466 and 467: Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
Page 468 and 469: and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
Page 470 and 471: Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
Page 472 and 473: 5.3. Social capital, resource use,
Page 474 and 475: 6. Implications for policy and prog
Page 476 and 477: essential for the formation of exte
Page 478 and 479: BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
Page 480 and 481: Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
Page 482 and 483: Social capital and watershed develo
Page 484 and 485: Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
Page 486 and 487: Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
Page 488 and 489: Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
Page 490 and 491: Appendix: Projects Supported Under
Page 492: IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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