The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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CHAPTER TWO Wetland Diversity, Agricultural Productivity and Food Security in Uganda Beatrice Okello and Rita Laker-Ojok
1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low and declining agricultural productivity contributes to poverty and food insecurity in Uganda. Forty-four percent of Ugandans lived below the poverty line in 1997 (APSEC 2000). While poverty rates are reported to be declining nationally, they are still very high in the rural areas, and statistics show that the poorest 20% of the population have become poorer. (Ibid.) Food insecurity is reportedly increasing in many rural parts of the country. Low and declining yields of food crops are cited as a primary cause for this trend (Sserunkuuma 2001, Pender et al, 2001). The struggle to meet the basic household needs of a growing population is putting increasing pressure on the Ugandan natural resource base resulting in soil depletion, deforestation, and wetlands degradation. The Plan for the Modernization of Agriculture (PMA) estimates that the cost to the national economy due to environmental degradation (including biodiversity loss, deforestation, soil erosion, water hyacinth and water contamination) lies between 4% and 12% of GDP (GOU 2000). The PMA concludes “if one attributes biodiversity loss, deforestation and soil erosion to activities in the agricultural sector, then the agricultural sector alone is responsible for 86% to 91% of the environmental degradation, in monetary terms” (Ibid. p. 62). Induced innovation theory suggests that environmental degradation can be self correcting as population growth, increasing resource scarcity, and environmental externalities induce new agricultural and resource management practices (Boserup 1965) and new forms of collective regulation of common property resources (Ruttan and Hayami 1984). However, this early work on induced institutional innovation may be overly optimistic. It tends to overlook the fact that long run institutional evolution and the corresponding pathways of development are dependent on the initial stock of social capital, on the actions by the state, and on the distributive consequences of institutional change (Zeller et.al. 2000). Vosti and Reardon (1997) conceptualized a critical triangle that links three development objectives: economic growth, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability, emphasizing the importance of simultaneous consideration of all three development objectives and the potential linkages and trade-offs between them. Continued agricultural growth is necessary in most fragile lands of Sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural development that concentrates only on the high potential areas has resulted in biased development that leaves the majority of the population wallowing in poverty. Agricultural growth must be achieved, however, within the context of sustainable use of the natural resource base. In addition, such growth must be equitably distributed in order to alleviate poverty and reduce food insecurity. An understanding of the three objectives of growth, poverty alleviation and the sustainable use of natural resources (the elements of the critical triangle) and the linkages between them is fundamental to the formulation of appropriate development strategies. In the words of Babu and Hazell (1998) “Integrating the livelihood needs of people living in fragile areas with sustainable management of natural resources is a fundamental challenge facing governments and development agencies… The most important contributing factor towards degradation of fragile lands in Sub-Saharan Africa is a nexus of poverty, rapid population growth and inadequate progress in increasing crop yields.”
Page 1 and 2: Part One - Agricultural Productivit
Page 3 and 4: I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
Page 5 and 6: came about from expansion of cultiv
Page 7 and 8: study, therefore, limited itself to
Page 9 and 10: Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
Page 11 and 12: Table 6: Key economic variables for
Page 13 and 14: local seed in absolute terms and th
Page 15 and 16: Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
Page 17 and 18: Table 13: General constraints to ma
Page 19 and 20: These results clearly demonstrate t
Page 21 and 22: Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
Page 23 and 24: V. Policy Implications The findings
Page 25: References Appleton, Simon (2001).
Page 29 and 30: egins with a summary of the literat
Page 31 and 32: Source: National Wetlands Conservat
Page 33 and 34: shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
Page 35 and 36: Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
Page 37 and 38: Uganda may well have more than a qu
Page 39 and 40: factors that explain household leve
Page 41 and 42: of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
Page 43 and 44: (PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
Page 45 and 46: agriculturalists, who still do not
Page 47 and 48: to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
Page 49 and 50: 4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
Page 51 and 52: • What is the current extent of w
Page 53 and 54: Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Proportion of Households
Page 57 and 58: estimates are remarkably consistent
Page 59 and 60: FSI - Percentage by District Distri
Page 61 and 62: was corrected using the White-Huber
Page 63 and 64: utilization for the household. Howe
Page 65 and 66: The nature of the structures to con
Page 67 and 68: impact of irrigation on horticultur
Page 69 and 70: growing population. Wetland protect
Page 71 and 72: APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
Page 73 and 74: Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
Page 75 and 76: Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
Page 77 and 78:
Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
Page 79 and 80:
International Food Policy Research
Page 81 and 82:
Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
Page 83 and 84:
Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
Page 85 and 86:
1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
Page 87 and 88:
In order to achieve these objective
Page 89 and 90:
densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
Page 95 and 96:
By 2001, land demarcation and regis
Page 97 and 98:
3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
Page 99 and 100:
3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
Page 101 and 102:
questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 10: Availability of hired la
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
Page 107 and 108:
joint significance test on the 4 dr
Page 109 and 110:
Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
Page 113 and 114:
Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
Page 117 and 118:
5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
Page 119 and 120:
FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
Page 121 and 122:
Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
Page 123 and 124:
Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
Page 125 and 126:
SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
Page 127 and 128:
Part two - Agricultural Markets
Page 129 and 130:
Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
Page 131 and 132:
farms show annual fluctuations, wit
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
Page 135 and 136:
5. The Model The interest of this s
Page 137 and 138:
sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
Page 141 and 142:
The value-added price is defined th
Page 143 and 144:
Specifically, the Government polici
Page 145 and 146:
Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
Page 147 and 148:
disincentive to farmers. Inability
Page 149 and 150:
competitiveness. The second one is
Page 151 and 152:
Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
Page 153 and 154:
Similar simulation is undertaken in
Page 155 and 156:
References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
Page 159 and 160:
(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
Page 161 and 162:
(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
Page 163 and 164:
Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
Page 169 and 170:
As alluded to earlier, initial agri
Page 171 and 172:
directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
Page 175 and 176:
2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
Page 183 and 184:
model depends on whether or not the
Page 185 and 186:
Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
Page 189 and 190:
3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
Page 191 and 192:
Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
Page 197 and 198:
3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
Page 201 and 202:
3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
Page 211 and 212:
Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
Page 213 and 214:
Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
Page 223 and 224:
CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
Page 225 and 226:
A third, related explanation argues
Page 227 and 228:
educed marketing costs related to p
Page 229 and 230:
1.4. Research questions This study
Page 231 and 232:
1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
Page 237 and 238:
There is also a close relationship
Page 239 and 240:
Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
Page 241 and 242:
Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
Page 243 and 244:
Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
Page 249 and 250:
3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
Page 253 and 254:
Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
Page 255 and 256:
Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
Page 257 and 258:
Getting reliable price information
Page 259 and 260:
Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
Page 261 and 262:
Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
Page 265 and 266:
Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
Page 267 and 268:
Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
Page 269 and 270:
Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
Page 271 and 272:
Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
Page 273 and 274:
Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
Page 277 and 278:
Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
Page 279 and 280:
Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
Page 281 and 282:
• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
Page 283 and 284:
REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
Page 285 and 286:
Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
Page 287 and 288:
achieve some welfare objective. The
Page 289 and 290:
Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
Page 291 and 292:
Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
Page 293 and 294:
Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
Page 295 and 296:
Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
Page 297 and 298:
CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
Page 299 and 300:
only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
Page 301 and 302:
of processing as an important post-
Page 303 and 304:
occur at all stages of post-harvest
Page 305 and 306:
Endowment & access to Resources (e.
Page 307 and 308:
Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
Page 309 and 310:
(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
Page 311 and 312:
Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
Page 315 and 316:
Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
Page 317 and 318:
Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
Page 319 and 320:
7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
Page 323 and 324:
next season, grain prices tend to b
Page 325 and 326:
Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
Page 327 and 328:
of grain production was reportedly
Page 329 and 330:
instruments to mitigate price risks
Page 331 and 332:
Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
Page 333 and 334:
Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
Page 335 and 336:
CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
Page 337 and 338:
The objectives of DRS were to popul
Page 339 and 340:
increasing participation. Thus, the
Page 341 and 342:
Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
Page 343 and 344:
unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
Page 345 and 346:
Table 14. Measures of wealth status
Page 347 and 348:
Results from Regression Analysis Ta
Page 349 and 350:
However, to maintain these benefits
Page 351 and 352:
Table 18. Determinants of participa
Page 353 and 354:
_______ 1981. Common property and c
Page 355 and 356:
Management Regulations and Enforcem
Page 357 and 358:
In theory, under PFM, the governmen
Page 359 and 360:
3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
Page 361 and 362:
Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
Page 367 and 368:
wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
Page 371 and 372:
4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
Page 375 and 376:
REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
Page 377 and 378:
APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
Page 379 and 380:
Questions and responses Government
Page 381 and 382:
Questions and responses Lack of coo
Page 383 and 384:
CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
Page 385 and 386:
• Individuals are selected for tr
Page 388 and 389:
Makueni district was selected becau
Page 390 and 391:
1.5 Justification of the study The
Page 392 and 393:
more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
Page 394 and 395:
of defined roles for CBAHWs within
Page 396 and 397:
Interviews with veterinary officers
Page 398 and 399:
The estimated model was of the form
Page 400 and 401:
Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
Page 402 and 403:
The most common ailments and diseas
Page 404 and 405:
4.3 Factors influencing the level o
Page 406 and 407:
Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
Page 408 and 409:
Table 10 - Factors determining the
Page 410 and 411:
Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
Page 412 and 413:
Figure 4: Percentage of household h
Page 414 and 415:
CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
Page 416 and 417:
Users of veterinarians’ services
Page 418 and 419:
Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
Page 424 and 425:
epresentative of livestock keepers
Page 426 and 427:
Despite the restriction imposed by
Page 428 and 429:
veterinarians. Such associations co
Page 430 and 431:
References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
Page 432 and 433:
Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
Page 434 and 435:
Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
Page 438 and 439:
1.1 Soil conservation programs and
Page 440 and 441:
1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
Page 442 and 443:
Institutional and Policy factors -
Page 444 and 445:
land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
Page 446 and 447:
include density of membership in gr
Page 448 and 449:
then summed up according to increas
Page 450 and 451:
Social capital, resource use, and a
Page 452 and 453:
Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
Page 454 and 455:
Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
Page 456 and 457:
Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
Page 458 and 459:
Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
Page 460 and 461:
5. The influence of social capital
Page 462 and 463:
especially when considered on an ad
Page 464 and 465:
households may pay less attention t
Page 466 and 467:
Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
Page 468 and 469:
and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
Page 470 and 471:
Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
Page 472 and 473:
5.3. Social capital, resource use,
Page 474 and 475:
6. Implications for policy and prog
Page 476 and 477:
essential for the formation of exte
Page 478 and 479:
BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
Page 480 and 481:
Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
Page 482 and 483:
Social capital and watershed develo
Page 484 and 485:
Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
Page 486 and 487:
Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
Page 488 and 489:
Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
Page 490 and 491:
Appendix: Projects Supported Under
Page 492:
IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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