The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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of liberalization. They range in size from large sifted-flour mills with the capacity to purchase and store maize to ordinary posho mills, which rarely engage in any storage. Although the NCPB operates a network of depots throughout the country, the advent of liberalization and the consequent reduction in state funding has diminished its role in the maize market. Although it is supposed to stabilize the maize market through its commercial activities, its main role today is the maintenance of strategic grain reserves and management of famine relief supplies. In recent years the operations of the NCPB have caused considerable confusion, as its future role in the grain market remains unclear. Kenya provides an excellent case study for examining the effects of food market liberalization. Before liberalization, the NCPB was the only official buyer and seller of maize. A casual review of Table 22 reveals a substantial entry of different types of traders since liberalization. About 56 percent of the sample traders entered the maize market after 1993. Widespread postliberalization entry into food marketing is a common observation in most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (Kherallah et al. 2002). According to the perception of the sampled traders, it appears that in Kenya the trader categories that have witnessed increased entry since liberalization include open-air retailers, open-air wholesalers, wholesalers who operate in stalls or stores, and posho millers. 32.6 percent of the sampled traders believe that open-air retailers have increased the most (Table 22). The numbers in this table have important implications for food market development. Massive trader entry has occurred in those market niches that do not require high initial capital investment, such as open-air retailing. The commonly cited bottlenecks of lack of interseasonal storage and motorized transport identify trader categories into which there has been little postliberalization entry. This is particularly true of the long-distance maize transporters and large-scale millers, which have witnessed low trader entry even with the advent of liberalization. To use Caves and Porter’s (1977) term, there are mobility barriers to movement within the maize marketing system from one niche to the next. Chief among these barriers in the Kenyan case are lack of access to working capital, market information, bulk storage and transport, and a reliable network of customers and suppliers. Together these problems pose a major challenge for food market development in Kenya and Sub-Saharan Africa. Table 22--Traders’ perceptions of trader categories that have expanded since liberalization Trader category Number of traders % reporting this category Retailers (open air) 73 31.2 Wholesalers (open air) 61 26.1 Wholesalers (stall/stores) 51 21.8 Posho millers 17 7.3 Retailer (stall/stores) 12 5.1 Lorry traders 7 3.0 Long-distance transporter 2 0.9 Large-scale miller 1 0.4 Do not know 10 4.3 Total 234 100 Source: Authors’ survey, 2001. Yet despite the problems with food market development in Kenya, market development has improved since liberalization, with 78.2 percent of the sampled traders, engaging in maize trade on a full-time basis (Table 23).
3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders were asked what price they paid for maize both at the farm gate and at the wholesale levels immediately after harvest for the 2000/01 season. Prices paid at the farm gate ranged between Ksh. 400 and 1,500 per bag, whereas the wholesale prices ranged between Ksh. 600 and 1,500. For the sampled traders, the selling prices ranged between Ksh. 600 and Ksh. 1,900 per bag, but it should be noted that the market intermediaries operated at different channel levels, hence incurring different marketing costs.
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
Page 149 and 150: competitiveness. The second one is
Page 151 and 152: Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
Page 153 and 154: Similar simulation is undertaken in
Page 155 and 156: References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
Page 157 and 158: Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
Page 159 and 160: (A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
Page 161 and 162: (A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
Page 163 and 164: Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
Page 165 and 166: VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
Page 169 and 170: As alluded to earlier, initial agri
Page 171 and 172: directly to dairy farmers as animal
Page 173 and 174: to engage in this new role, the gov
Page 175 and 176: 2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
Page 177 and 178: markets with minor gaps in data ser
Page 179 and 180: Price-series correlations are conve
Page 181 and 182: Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
Page 183 and 184: model depends on whether or not the
Page 185 and 186: Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
Page 187 and 188: Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
Page 189 and 190: 3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
Page 191 and 192: Table 13--Reported distances from t
Page 193 and 194: Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
Page 195 and 196: Table 17--Traders’ perception of
Page 197 and 198: 3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
Page 199: Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
Page 203 and 204: 3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
Page 205 and 206: 5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
Page 207 and 208: Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
Page 209 and 210: Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
Page 211 and 212: Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
Page 213 and 214: Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
Page 215 and 216: Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
Page 217 and 218: Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
Page 219 and 220: Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
Page 221 and 222: Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
Page 225 and 226: A third, related explanation argues
Page 227 and 228: educed marketing costs related to p
Page 229 and 230: 1.4. Research questions This study
Page 231 and 232: 1.6. Organization of the report Thi
Page 233 and 234: the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
Page 235 and 236: Brokers believe that most regional
Page 237 and 238: There is also a close relationship
Page 239 and 240: Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
Page 241 and 242: Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
Page 243 and 244: Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
Page 245 and 246: Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
Page 247 and 248: It has been reported that grain pur
Page 249 and 250: 3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
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Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
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Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
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of grain production was reportedly
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instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
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unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
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Table 14. Measures of wealth status
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Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
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Table 18. Determinants of participa
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_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
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REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
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Questions and responses Government
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Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
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Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
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of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
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The estimated model was of the form
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Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
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The most common ailments and diseas
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4.3 Factors influencing the level o
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Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
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Table 10 - Factors determining the
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Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
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Figure 4: Percentage of household h
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CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
Page 484 and 485:
Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
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IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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