The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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inputs are held constant. The relationship between productivity and family labour availability was inconsistent between crops. 5.2.4 Inferential Statistics A Pearson’s correlation matrix was run in order to analyze the relationship between food security, productivity and wetlands utilization. The results are shown in Table 6 below. Food Security Index Wetland Utilization Dummy Ln value of Ln crop productivity production Ln Offfarm income Table 6. Pearson Correlation Matrix Food Security Index correlation 1 Significance observations 275 Wetland Utilization Dummy correlation 0.1099 1 Significance 0.0688 observations 275 299 Ln productivity correlation 0.1785* 0.1274* 1 Significance 0.0064 0.0441 observations 232 250 250 Ln value of crop production correlation 0.3349* 0.1590* 0.8854* 1 Significance 0 0.0118 0 observations 232 250 250 250 Ln Off-farm income correlation 0.1047 0.1658* 0.0896 0.1419* 1 Significance 0.1216 0.0109 0.2059 0.0445 observations 220 235 201 201 235 Source: Primary Data The correlation analysis shows a weakly significant positive relationships between Food Security and Diversity of Wetland Utilization ( r=0.11*,p-value
The nature of the structures to control utilization and the relevant regulations regarding use, however, were clearly not understood by the broader community. Analysis of the economic contribution of wetlands resources to household income clearly shows the importance of this resource base to the household economy in the area. Triangulation of estimation procedures comparing PRA estimates with household level survey data collected using two difference estimation procedures revealed a surprising consistency of results. On average households in the study area obtained benefits from wetlands utilization valued in excess of 500,000 shillings per year from fishing, grazing, irrigation, fuel-wood collection and access to building and craft materials. This diversity of wetlands benefits was consistent with the general tendency for households to minimize risk by engaging in a wide range of income generation activities. Clearly agriculture is by far the largest income source for these communities, but nearly 80% of the households were engaged in at least one off-farm income activity while more than 36% had two or more such nonfarm income sources. Similarly agricultural production itself was diversified, with households producing a wide range of crops and raising various types of livestock. 6.1.2 Determinants of Wetland Utilization Diversity With the Wetland Diversity index (WDI) as the dependent variable some of the factors that are found to significantly affect it are: location, prevalence of irrigated agriculture or cultivation, ease of access to the swampland, value derived from hunting in the wetland, fishing for consumption and for sale, value of fuel wood collected from the wetland, value of building materials derived from the wetland, and livestock income derived out of grazing the animals on the pasture in the wetland. Value or income derived from the wetland is found to most significantly affect wetland diversity. However, extraction of fuel products, building products, and livestock grazing were shown to have non-linear relationships with wetland diversity. Their respective squared variables all have significant negative coefficients, which shows that at a certain higher level of involvement, extraction of fuel and building/craft products or livestock grazing becomes the major household activity to the exclusion of others, reducing the diversity of wetland uses by the household. It is noted that the level of household food security does not significantly affect the diversity of wetland utilization. 6.1.3 Determinants of Food Security Based on the results of the ordered probit model, it is observed that the factors that significantly affect the food security index are: value of fish products, log of farm size, and log of non-farm income (significant at 1%). Presence of irrigation and value of gifts were positive and significant at the 5% level. The increased access to income from various sources; fishing, livestock, nonfarm activities, and gifts; improves the potential for the household to gain access to food through local purchases. Similarly, access to the means of production; especially land and irrigation improves a household’s capacity to produce food for subsistence, while participation in fishing improves both income and the quality of the diet and hence the food security.
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
Page 13 and 14: local seed in absolute terms and th
Page 15 and 16: Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
Page 17 and 18: Table 13: General constraints to ma
Page 19 and 20: These results clearly demonstrate t
Page 21 and 22: Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
Page 23 and 24: V. Policy Implications The findings
Page 25 and 26: References Appleton, Simon (2001).
Page 27 and 28: 1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
Page 29 and 30: egins with a summary of the literat
Page 31 and 32: Source: National Wetlands Conservat
Page 33 and 34: shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
Page 35 and 36: Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
Page 37 and 38: Uganda may well have more than a qu
Page 39 and 40: factors that explain household leve
Page 41 and 42: of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
Page 43 and 44: (PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
Page 45 and 46: agriculturalists, who still do not
Page 47 and 48: to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
Page 49 and 50: 4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
Page 51 and 52: • What is the current extent of w
Page 53 and 54: Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Proportion of Households
Page 57 and 58: estimates are remarkably consistent
Page 59 and 60: FSI - Percentage by District Distri
Page 61 and 62: was corrected using the White-Huber
Page 63: utilization for the household. Howe
Page 67 and 68: impact of irrigation on horticultur
Page 69 and 70: growing population. Wetland protect
Page 71 and 72: APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
Page 73 and 74: Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
Page 75 and 76: Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
Page 77 and 78: Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
Page 79 and 80: International Food Policy Research
Page 81 and 82: Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
Page 83 and 84: Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
Page 85 and 86: 1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
Page 87 and 88: In order to achieve these objective
Page 89 and 90: densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
Page 91 and 92: Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
Page 95 and 96: By 2001, land demarcation and regis
Page 97 and 98: 3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
Page 99 and 100: 3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
Page 101 and 102: questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
Page 103 and 104: Figure 10: Availability of hired la
Page 105 and 106: Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
Page 107 and 108: joint significance test on the 4 dr
Page 109 and 110: Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
Page 111 and 112: was classified into three categorie
Page 113 and 114: Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
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Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
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Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
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of grain production was reportedly
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instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
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unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
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Table 14. Measures of wealth status
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Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
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Table 18. Determinants of participa
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_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
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REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
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Questions and responses Government
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Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
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Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
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of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
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The estimated model was of the form
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Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
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The most common ailments and diseas
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4.3 Factors influencing the level o
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Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
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Table 10 - Factors determining the
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Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
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Figure 4: Percentage of household h
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CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
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Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
Page 492:
IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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