The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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Pfiffner, Lukas. 2000. Significance of organic farming for invertebrate diversity: enhancing beneficial organisms with field margins in combination with organic farming. Pp. 52-66 in Stolten, Sue, Bernward Geier, and Jeffrey A. McNeely (eds.). The Relationship Between Nature Conservation, Biodiversity and Organic Agriculture, Berlin. Pimbert, M.P. and V. Toledo, 1994. Indigenous people and biodiversity conservation: myth or reality EthnoEcologica 2(3): 1-96. Pimental, David, et al. 2001. Economic and Environmental Threats of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Invasions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 84: 1-20. Pomeroy, Derek, Herbert Tushabe and Polycarp Mwima. 2002. Uganda Ecosystem and Protected Area Characterisation. Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources (MUIENR), Kampala, Uganda and International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C. Postel. Sandra, 1999. Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last W.W. Norton, New York. Prescott-Allen, Robert and Christine Prescott-Allen, 1990. How many plants feed the world Conservation Biology 4(4):365-374. Republic of Uganda. 1995. “Constitution of the Republic of Uganda.” Republic of Uganda, 1995. National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources. Republic of Uganda, 1995. The National Environment Statute, Uganda Gazette No. 21, Volume LXXXVIII. Republic of Uganda. 1997. The Local Governments Act, Uganda Gazette No. 19, Volume XC. Republic of Uganda. 1998. The Land Act Republic of Uganda. 1999. Report of the Land Act Implementation Study. Republic of Uganda. 1999 Report of the Land Act Implementation Study, Annex 1, Economic Appraisal. Republic of Uganda. 1999 Report of the Land Act Implementation Study, Annex 3, Social Impact Appraisal. Republic of Uganda. 1999 Report of the Land Act Implementation Study, Annex 6, Legal Appraisal. Republic of Uganda. 1999. “The Uganda Wildlife Policy”. Kampala: Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry. Republic of Uganda. 2000 Wetlands and the Law: Legislation Governing Ownership, Use and Access to Wetlands and their Resources, Ministry of Water, Lands, and Environment, National Wetlands Programme. Republic of Uganda. 2000. The Land Regulations, Final Draft, 16 February 2001. Republic of Uganda. 2000. The National Environment (Wetlands, River Banks and Lake Shores Management) Regulations, Uganda Gazette No. 5, Volume XCIII. Republic of Uganda. 2000. Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Process: Kampala District Report, Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development. Republic of Uganda. 2001a. Guidelines for Smallholder Paddy Rice Cultivation in Seasonal Wetlands, Ministry of Water, Lands, and Environment, Wetlands Inspection Division. Republic of Uganda. 2001b. Land Sector Strategic Plan, Final Draft, 30 November 2001. Republic of Uganda. 2001c. Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2001-2003), Volume 1. Kampala: Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFPED), February 2001. Republic of Uganda. 2001d The Wetland Sector Strategic Plan. Republic of Uganda. 2001e State of Environment Report for Uganda, 2000/2001, The National Environment Management Authority, Kampala. Revenga, C., J. Brunner, N. Henninger, K. Kassem, and R. Payne, 2000. Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Freshwater Systems. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. Ruttan, V., and Y. Hayami. 1984. Towards a theory of induced institutional innovation. Journal of Development Studies. 203-223. Sala, Osvaldo and 18 others, 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287:1770-1774.
Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-environment Interactions in Agriculture: Key Factors and Policy Implications. Poverty and Environment Issues Series No. 3. United Nations Development Program and the European Commission: New York. Spencer, J. E., 1966. Shifting Cultivation in Southeast Asia. University of California Press, Berkeley. Ssali, C.K. and M. Isabirye, 1998. Short Term And Long Term Impacts Of Land-Use/Rice Cultivation And Soil Management Practices On Soil Properties Of Various Soil Types In Wetlands In Kibuku And Pallisa Counties Pallisa District. National Wetlands Conservation and Management Programme. Kampala, Uganda. Sserunkuuma, D., J. Pender and E. Nkonya. 2001 Land management in Uganda: Characterization of problems and hypotheses about causes and strategies for improvement. International Food Policy Research Institute, Environment and Production Technology Division, Washington D.C. Mimeo. Staatz, John M., Victoire C. D’Agostino and Shelly Sundberg. Measuring Food Security in Africa: Conceptual, Empirical and Policy Issues. Amer. J. Agr. Econ. December (1990):1311-1317. The National Wetlands Programme. 2000a. Wetlands and the Law: Legislation governing the ownership, use and access to wetlands and their resources. Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment. Kampala, Uganda The National Wetlands Programme. 2000b. The Wetlands Sector : Overview of issues and challenges. Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment. Kampala, Uganda The National Wetlands Programme. 2000c. Wetlands in Uganda: Wetlands information Pack. Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment. Kampala, Uganda The Republic Of Uganda, 2000. Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Report. Ministry Of Finance, Planning And Economic Development. Kampala, Uganda. UNDP (1997). Human Development Report 1997. UNDP: New York. Vosti, S. A., and T. Reardon. 1997. Sustainability, growth and poverty alleviation: A policy and agro-ecological perspective. Baltimore, M.D., USA and London: John Hopkins University Press. Watson, R., et al. 2000. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. Special Report of the International Panel on Climate Change. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Western, David and R. Michael Wright (eds.). 1994. Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Wilson, E. O., 1985. The biological diversity crisis. BioScience 35:700-706. Wood, S., K. Sebastian, and S.J. Scherr, 2000. Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Agroecosystems. For the Millenium Assessment of the State of the World’s Ecosystems. International Food Policy Research Institute and the World Resources Institute: Washington, D.C. World Bank (2000). World Development Report 2000. World Bank: Washington DC World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 2000. Global Biodiversity: Earth's Living Resources in the 21st Century. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. Zeller, Manfred, C. Lapenu, B. Minten, E. Ralison, D. Randrianaivo, and C. Randrianarisoa. Pathways of Rural Development in Madegascar: An Empirical Investigation of the Critical Triangle of Environmental Sustainability, Economic Growth, and Poverty Alleviation. FCND Discussion Paper No. 82. International Food Policy Research Institute, Food Consumption and Nutrition Division, Washington D.C. 2000.
Page 1 and 2:
Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
Page 25 and 26:
References Appleton, Simon (2001).
Page 27 and 28:
1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
Page 29 and 30: egins with a summary of the literat
Page 31 and 32: Source: National Wetlands Conservat
Page 33 and 34: shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
Page 35 and 36: Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
Page 37 and 38: Uganda may well have more than a qu
Page 39 and 40: factors that explain household leve
Page 41 and 42: of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
Page 43 and 44: (PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
Page 45 and 46: agriculturalists, who still do not
Page 47 and 48: to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
Page 49 and 50: 4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
Page 51 and 52: • What is the current extent of w
Page 53 and 54: Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Proportion of Households
Page 57 and 58: estimates are remarkably consistent
Page 59 and 60: FSI - Percentage by District Distri
Page 61 and 62: was corrected using the White-Huber
Page 63 and 64: utilization for the household. Howe
Page 65 and 66: The nature of the structures to con
Page 67 and 68: impact of irrigation on horticultur
Page 69 and 70: growing population. Wetland protect
Page 71 and 72: APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
Page 73 and 74: Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
Page 75 and 76: Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
Page 77 and 78: Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
Page 79: International Food Policy Research
Page 83 and 84: Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
Page 85 and 86: 1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
Page 87 and 88: In order to achieve these objective
Page 89 and 90: densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
Page 91 and 92: Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
Page 95 and 96: By 2001, land demarcation and regis
Page 97 and 98: 3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
Page 99 and 100: 3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
Page 101 and 102: questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
Page 103 and 104: Figure 10: Availability of hired la
Page 105 and 106: Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
Page 107 and 108: joint significance test on the 4 dr
Page 109 and 110: Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
Page 111 and 112: was classified into three categorie
Page 113 and 114: Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
Page 115 and 116: 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
Page 117 and 118: 5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
Page 119 and 120: FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
Page 121 and 122: Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
Page 123 and 124: Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
Page 125 and 126: SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
Page 127 and 128: Part two - Agricultural Markets
Page 129 and 130: Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
Page 131 and 132:
farms show annual fluctuations, wit
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
Page 155 and 156:
References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
Page 157 and 158:
Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
Page 161 and 162:
(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
Page 163 and 164:
Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
Page 165 and 166:
VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
Page 185 and 186:
Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
Page 197 and 198:
3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
Page 205 and 206:
5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
Page 207 and 208:
Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
Page 209 and 210:
Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
Page 213 and 214:
Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
Page 223 and 224:
CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
Page 237 and 238:
There is also a close relationship
Page 239 and 240:
Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
Page 249 and 250:
3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
Page 251 and 252:
Like brokers, retailers use cash or
Page 253 and 254:
Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
Page 255 and 256:
Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
Page 257 and 258:
Getting reliable price information
Page 259 and 260:
Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
Page 261 and 262:
Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
Page 263 and 264:
a.m. The survey included wholesale
Page 265 and 266:
Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
Page 273 and 274:
Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
Page 275 and 276:
holiday sales. The results of the r
Page 277 and 278:
Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
Page 279 and 280:
Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
Page 281 and 282:
• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
Page 283 and 284:
REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
Page 285 and 286:
Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
Page 287 and 288:
achieve some welfare objective. The
Page 289 and 290:
Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
Page 291 and 292:
Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
Page 293 and 294:
Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
Page 295 and 296:
Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
Page 297 and 298:
CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
Page 299 and 300:
only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
Page 301 and 302:
of processing as an important post-
Page 303 and 304:
occur at all stages of post-harvest
Page 305 and 306:
Endowment & access to Resources (e.
Page 307 and 308:
Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
Page 309 and 310:
(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
Page 311 and 312:
Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
Page 315 and 316:
Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
Page 317 and 318:
Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
Page 319 and 320:
7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
Page 321 and 322:
1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
Page 323 and 324:
next season, grain prices tend to b
Page 325 and 326:
Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
Page 327 and 328:
of grain production was reportedly
Page 329 and 330:
instruments to mitigate price risks
Page 331 and 332:
Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
Page 333 and 334:
Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
Page 335 and 336:
CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
Page 337 and 338:
The objectives of DRS were to popul
Page 339 and 340:
increasing participation. Thus, the
Page 341 and 342:
Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
Page 343 and 344:
unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
Page 345 and 346:
Table 14. Measures of wealth status
Page 347 and 348:
Results from Regression Analysis Ta
Page 349 and 350:
However, to maintain these benefits
Page 351 and 352:
Table 18. Determinants of participa
Page 353 and 354:
_______ 1981. Common property and c
Page 355 and 356:
Management Regulations and Enforcem
Page 357 and 358:
In theory, under PFM, the governmen
Page 359 and 360:
3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
Page 361 and 362:
Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
Page 363 and 364:
Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
Page 367 and 368:
wages after the catch is sold (see
Page 369 and 370:
70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
Page 371 and 372:
4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
Page 373 and 374:
5.3 Regulate the construction of re
Page 375 and 376:
REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
Page 377 and 378:
APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
Page 379 and 380:
Questions and responses Government
Page 381 and 382:
Questions and responses Lack of coo
Page 383 and 384:
CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
Page 385 and 386:
• Individuals are selected for tr
Page 388 and 389:
Makueni district was selected becau
Page 390 and 391:
1.5 Justification of the study The
Page 392 and 393:
more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
Page 394 and 395:
of defined roles for CBAHWs within
Page 396 and 397:
Interviews with veterinary officers
Page 398 and 399:
The estimated model was of the form
Page 400 and 401:
Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
Page 402 and 403:
The most common ailments and diseas
Page 404 and 405:
4.3 Factors influencing the level o
Page 406 and 407:
Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
Page 408 and 409:
Table 10 - Factors determining the
Page 410 and 411:
Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
Page 412 and 413:
Figure 4: Percentage of household h
Page 414 and 415:
CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
Page 416 and 417:
Users of veterinarians’ services
Page 418 and 419:
Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
Page 420 and 421:
higher average calving per cow, whi
Page 422 and 423:
Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
Page 424 and 425:
epresentative of livestock keepers
Page 426 and 427:
Despite the restriction imposed by
Page 428 and 429:
veterinarians. Such associations co
Page 430 and 431:
References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
Page 432 and 433:
Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
Page 434 and 435:
Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
Page 436 and 437:
Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
Page 438 and 439:
1.1 Soil conservation programs and
Page 440 and 441:
1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
Page 442 and 443:
Institutional and Policy factors -
Page 444 and 445:
land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
Page 446 and 447:
include density of membership in gr
Page 448 and 449:
then summed up according to increas
Page 450 and 451:
Social capital, resource use, and a
Page 452 and 453:
Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
Page 454 and 455:
Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
Page 456 and 457:
Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
Page 458 and 459:
Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
Page 460 and 461:
5. The influence of social capital
Page 462 and 463:
especially when considered on an ad
Page 464 and 465:
households may pay less attention t
Page 466 and 467:
Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
Page 468 and 469:
and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
Page 470 and 471:
Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
Page 472 and 473:
5.3. Social capital, resource use,
Page 474 and 475:
6. Implications for policy and prog
Page 476 and 477:
essential for the formation of exte
Page 478 and 479:
BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
Page 480 and 481:
Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
Page 482 and 483:
Social capital and watershed develo
Page 484 and 485:
Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
Page 486 and 487:
Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
Page 488 and 489:
Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
Page 490 and 491:
Appendix: Projects Supported Under
Page 492:
IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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