The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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Table 4.5: Empowerment and political action Attribute Responses Machakos Taita-Taveta Combined Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Voted in Yes 131 81.9 137 85.1 268 83.5 election No 29 18.1 23 14.3 52 16.2 Total 160 100 160 100 320 100 Yes 16 10 37 23.0 53 16.5 No 144 90 124 77.0 268 83.5 Contacted influential person Total 160 100 161 100 321 100 Contacted Yes 12 12 19 11.8 31 9.7 elected No 148 92.5 142 88.2 290 90.3 representative Total 160 100 161 100 321 100 Involved in Yes 17 10.6 68 42.2 85 26.5 debate about No 143 89.4 93 57.8 236 73.5 a local Total 160 100 161 100 321 100 problem Source of Community 71 44.4 31 19.3 102 31.8 decision about a community project leaders Whole village Total 89 160 55.6 100.0 130 161 80.7 100.0 219 321 68.2 100.0 Perception of A lot 49 30.6 49 30.4 98 30.5 whether Some 76 47.5 46 28.6 122 38.0 individual Not very 18 11.3 57 35.4 75 23.4 has influence in improving much None 17 10.6 9 5.6 26 8.1 the village Total 160 100.0 161 100.0 321 100.0 Source: Field survey, 2003 Table 4.6: Readiness to help in case of a misfortune Source of Response Machakos Taita-Taveta Combined help Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Family Yes 123 76.9 103 64.4 226 70.6 No 37 23.1 57 35.6 94 29.4 Total 160 100 160 100 320 100 Mutual Yes 126 78.8 31 19.3 157 48.9 groups No 34 21.3 130 80.7 164 51.1 Total 160 100 161 100 321 100 Source: Field survey, 2003 It appears that the perception of communal trust and honesty is more pronounced in Machakos than in Taita-Taveta (Table 4.7). In Machakos, about 88 percent of the respondents agree or strongly agree that people are honest and trustworthy, compared with 69 percent in Taita-Taveta. When the respondents compare their villagers’ members’ trustworthiness to those from other villages, their perception becomes muted in both sites. Sixty percent of Machakos respondents agree or strongly agree that people in their village are more trustworthy than people in other villages. In Taita-Taveta, this figure is about 44 percent. In
such circumstances, we could expect Machakos to have more cognitive social capital than Taita-Taveta. This result is reinforced by the perception that individuals in Taita-Taveta expect relatively less help from mutual groups than is the case in Machakos (see Table 4.6). Because the employment of trust depends on the probability that agents will behave in a way that is expected (Gambetta 1988), it is likely that Taita-Taveta residents feel that people in their neighborhood behave in unexpected ways or perhaps they perceive trust as enhancing the opportunity for cheating (Granovetter 1985). Table 4.7: Trust and honesty Issues Response Machakos Taita-Taveta Combined Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % People are Strongly 39 24.4 34 21.1 73 22.7 honest and trustworthy agree Agree 102 63.8 78 48.4 180 56.1 Disagree 15 9.4 47 29.2 62 19.3 Strongly disagree 4 2.5 2 1.2 6 1.9 Total 160 100 161 100 321 100.0 Members are Strongly 19 11.9 18 11.2 37 11.5 more trustworthy agree Agree 79 49.4 53 32.9 132 41.1 than in other Disagree 55 34.4 85 52.8 140 43.6 villages Strongly 7 4.4 5 3.1 12 3.7 disagree Total 160 100.0 161 100.0 321 100.0 Source: Field survey, 2003 Collective action indicators are those that reflect provision of services through joint effort by a group of individuals, so long as this collective action is not imposed by an external force. Since it is internally generated, reaping the benefits of strong social ties—engaging in successful collective action, for example—reinforces the bonds within a group. This leads to further action in the future (Ostrom 1994). Table 4.8 indicates the respondents’ perception of the extent to which members of the community can agree to mobilize for a common good in terms of development. In both Machakos and Taita-Taveta districts, 80 percent of the respondents felt that members of their communities can and do contribute, in terms of money and time, to development causes. In Machakos, the majority (about 70 percent) believes that such contributions have remained the same or have improved, compared with other villages, while in Taita-Taveta, the reverse seems to be the case.
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
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Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
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Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
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of grain production was reportedly
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instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
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unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
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Table 14. Measures of wealth status
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Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
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Table 18. Determinants of participa
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_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
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REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
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Questions and responses Government
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Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
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Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
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of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
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The estimated model was of the form
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Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
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The most common ailments and diseas
Page 404 and 405: 4.3 Factors influencing the level o
Page 406 and 407: Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
Page 408 and 409: Table 10 - Factors determining the
Page 410 and 411: Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
Page 412 and 413: Figure 4: Percentage of household h
Page 414 and 415: CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
Page 416 and 417: Users of veterinarians’ services
Page 418 and 419: Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
Page 420 and 421: higher average calving per cow, whi
Page 422 and 423: Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
Page 424 and 425: epresentative of livestock keepers
Page 426 and 427: Despite the restriction imposed by
Page 428 and 429: veterinarians. Such associations co
Page 430 and 431: References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
Page 432 and 433: Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
Page 434 and 435: Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
Page 436 and 437: Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
Page 438 and 439: 1.1 Soil conservation programs and
Page 440 and 441: 1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
Page 442 and 443: Institutional and Policy factors -
Page 444 and 445: land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
Page 446 and 447: include density of membership in gr
Page 448 and 449: then summed up according to increas
Page 450 and 451: Social capital, resource use, and a
Page 452 and 453: Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
Page 456 and 457: Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
Page 458 and 459: Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
Page 460 and 461: 5. The influence of social capital
Page 462 and 463: especially when considered on an ad
Page 464 and 465: households may pay less attention t
Page 466 and 467: Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
Page 468 and 469: and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
Page 470 and 471: Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
Page 472 and 473: 5.3. Social capital, resource use,
Page 474 and 475: 6. Implications for policy and prog
Page 476 and 477: essential for the formation of exte
Page 478 and 479: BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
Page 480 and 481: Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
Page 482 and 483: Social capital and watershed develo
Page 484 and 485: Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
Page 486 and 487: Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
Page 488 and 489: Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
Page 490 and 491: Appendix: Projects Supported Under
Page 492: IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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