The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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Table A.1: Equation System for Real KEGEM Identifier Subscript Range No. Description Inputs demand 1/ ρL i ρL i /(1+ ρL i ) ⎞ ⎟ li (A.1) ⎛ 5 L ⎞⎛ i 1/(1+ ρL i ) 1/(1+ ρL i ) −1/(1+ ρL i ) Lli = ⎜ ⎟⎜ α L li w α li w li A ∑ ⎟ ⎝ i ⎠⎝ l= 1 ⎠ i=1,...3; l=1,...5 15 Demand for labour categories (A.2) ⎛ VA ⎞ 1/ ρ 1/(1 ) /(1 ) 1/(1 ) /(1 ) va i + ρva i i ρva i + ρva i + ρva i ρva i + ρva i 1/(1+ ρva i ) −1/(1+ ρva i ) K i = ⎜ ⎟⎡ α P + α w ⎤ VA K i α P i ki Li Ki ki A ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎝ i ⎠ i=1,...,3 3 Demand for capital (A.3) ⎛ VA ⎞ 1/ ρ 1/(1 ) /(1 ) 1/(1 ) /(1 ) vai i + ρva i ρva i + ρva i + ρva i ρva i + ρva i 1/(1+ ρva i ) −1/(1+ ρva i ) Li = ⎜ ⎟⎡ α P + α w ⎤ VA K i α w i i ki Li Li A ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎝ i ⎠ i=1,...,3 3 Demand for composite labour (A.4) ⎛ N ⎞ 1/ ρ ji ρ /(1 ) 1/(1 ) /(1 ) 1/(1 ) n n i i + ρn i + ρn i ρn i + ρn i + ρn i 1/(1+ ρn i ) −1/(1+ ρn i ) ID ji = ⎜ ⎟⎡ P α + P α ⎤ α P ⎜ N im ji IM ji id ji ID ji ID ji id ji A ⎟ ji ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎝ ⎠ i=1,...,3; j=1,...,3 9 Domestic intermediate demand (A.5) ⎛ N ⎞ 1/ ρ ji ρ /(1 ) 1/(1 ) /(1 ) 1/(1 ) n n i i + ρn i + ρn i ρn i + ρn i + ρn i 1/(1+ ρn i ) −1/(1+ ρn i ) IM ji = ⎜ ⎟⎡ P α + P α ⎤ α P ⎜ N im ji IM ji id ji ID ji IM ji im ji A ⎟ ji ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎝ ⎠ i=1,...,3; j=1,...,3 9 Imported intermediate demand (A.6) ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ X i N ⎟ ji = α N ji X ⎝ Ai ⎠ i = 1,...,3; j=1,...,3 9 Composite intermediate demand (A.7) ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ X i VA ⎟ i = α VAi X ⎝ Ai ⎠ i=1,...,3 3 Composite value-added demand (A.8) (A.9) capital Institutions income Yi = Px X i − Pim IM ji Pid ID ji wli L i ∑ − ji ∑ − ∑ ji li − j j l i=1,...3 3 Sectoral profits DEP − INT − ITAX + SUBS + NTF i i a i i i i i DEP = DEPR P K i=1,...,3 3 Consumption of fixed i i
(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j = 1,...3 3 Capital assets price = j ji q j Table A.1 (continued) Identifier Subscript Range No. Description (A.11) INT = r P K i=1,...,3 3 Interest payments by i i k i i sector (A.12) ITAX i = tdi Px X i i i=1,...,3 3 Sectoral indirect taxes (A.13) Y h = ∑ ∑ hlwliLli + NTH h h=1,...,10 10 Households income by category (A.14) l i YG = ∑ HTAX h + ∑ CTAX i + ∑ ITAX i + ∑ DUTYi − ∑ SUBSi + NTG 1 Government's income h i i i i (A.15) HTAX h = thYh h=1,...,10 10 Households direct taxes (A.16) CTAX i = tiYi i=1,...,3 3 Sectoral direct taxes (A.17) DUTY = tm P M i=1,...,3 3 Import duty (A.18) C ih i i m i i q i Product demand for consumption ⎛ ⎞ β ⎜ ih Yh HTAX h SVh P ⎟ − − − ∑ q θ i ih ⎝ i = θ ⎠ ih + h=1,...,10; i = 1,...,3 30 Household P consumption (A.19) Cig = β iTGC i=1,...,3 3 Government consumption Institutional savings and investment demand (A.20) SV h = shYh h=1,...,10 10 Households savings by category (A.21) SVi = Yi − CTAX i − NTFi i=1,...,3 3 Sectoral savings
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
Page 107 and 108: joint significance test on the 4 dr
Page 109 and 110: Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
Page 111 and 112: was classified into three categorie
Page 113 and 114: Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
Page 115 and 116: 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
Page 117 and 118: 5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
Page 119 and 120: FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
Page 121 and 122: Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
Page 123 and 124: Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
Page 125 and 126: SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
Page 127 and 128: Part two - Agricultural Markets
Page 129 and 130: Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
Page 131 and 132: farms show annual fluctuations, wit
Page 133 and 134: Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
Page 135 and 136: 5. The Model The interest of this s
Page 137 and 138: sources for each sector. α IM ji a
Page 139 and 140: Savings Households’ savings are a
Page 141 and 142: The value-added price is defined th
Page 143 and 144: Specifically, the Government polici
Page 145 and 146: Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
Page 147 and 148: disincentive to farmers. Inability
Page 149 and 150: competitiveness. The second one is
Page 151 and 152: Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
Page 153 and 154: Similar simulation is undertaken in
Page 155 and 156: References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
Page 157: Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
Page 161 and 162: (A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
Page 163 and 164: Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
Page 165 and 166: VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
Page 169 and 170: As alluded to earlier, initial agri
Page 171 and 172: directly to dairy farmers as animal
Page 173 and 174: to engage in this new role, the gov
Page 175 and 176: 2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
Page 177 and 178: markets with minor gaps in data ser
Page 179 and 180: Price-series correlations are conve
Page 181 and 182: Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
Page 183 and 184: model depends on whether or not the
Page 185 and 186: Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
Page 187 and 188: Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
Page 189 and 190: 3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
Page 191 and 192: Table 13--Reported distances from t
Page 193 and 194: Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
Page 195 and 196: Table 17--Traders’ perception of
Page 197 and 198: 3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
Page 199 and 200: Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
Page 201 and 202: 3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
Page 203 and 204: 3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
Page 205 and 206: 5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
Page 207 and 208: Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
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Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
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Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
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Getting reliable price information
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Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
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Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
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a.m. The survey included wholesale
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Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
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Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
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Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
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Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
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Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
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holiday sales. The results of the r
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Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
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Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
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• a legal, regulatory, and enforc
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REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
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Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
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achieve some welfare objective. The
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Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
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Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
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Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
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Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
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CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
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only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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of processing as an important post-
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occur at all stages of post-harvest
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Endowment & access to Resources (e.
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Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
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(6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
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Intercrop differences Liquidity con
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eplace old animals (19 percent of h
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Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
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Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
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7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
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1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
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next season, grain prices tend to b
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Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
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of grain production was reportedly
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instruments to mitigate price risks
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Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
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Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
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CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
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The objectives of DRS were to popul
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increasing participation. Thus, the
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Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
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unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
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Table 14. Measures of wealth status
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Results from Regression Analysis Ta
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However, to maintain these benefits
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Table 18. Determinants of participa
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_______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
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REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
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Questions and responses Government
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Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
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Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
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of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
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The estimated model was of the form
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Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
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The most common ailments and diseas
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4.3 Factors influencing the level o
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Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
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Table 10 - Factors determining the
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Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
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Figure 4: Percentage of household h
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CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
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Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
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IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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