The Future of Smallholder Farming in Eastern Africa - Uganda ...

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Obviously, they then are subject to interseasonal price discrepancies (9), which would affect the level of farmers’ income and therefore their access to food (2). Hence, the level of household food security may be affected directly by the size of the physical loss of grain or indirectly by income lost when grain prices decline as a result of deterioration in quality or inter-seasonal price variations. 5. Hypotheses Given resource endowments and output levels, it could be hypothesized that poor postharvest grain management practices would result in a low level of food security through(1) the output effect, that is, a reduction in grain availability due to physical losses and involuntary sales, and (2) the income effect, that is, a reduction in access to food because prices received when grains are sold immediately after harvest are lower or prices are higher when grains are repurchased, or the quality of grains deteriorates so that they fetch lower prices. The following specific hypotheses were suggested to guide the research work. (a) Farmers’ perception of risk about post-harvest grain loss influences their marketing behavior, that is, it explains why farmers dispose of most of their output immediately after harvest and at cheaper prices, eventually producing suboptimal outcomes, which result in a low level of household food security. (b) Farmers’ choices of post-harvest grain management practices are conditioned by resource endowment patterns (for example, liquidity constraints), which determine the magnitude of losses. Hence, better-off farmers are likely to choose better post-harvest grain management practices than the poorer ones. (c) The potential risk associated with physical post-harvest grain losses is more important than the potential risk associated with the market in explaining farmers’ post-harvest grain management practices and their impacts on food security. (d) Intercrop differences in post-harvest risk of loss are important factors determining the share of marketed surplus of food grains; that is, the crops that are mainly marketed immediately are those for which the risk of post-harvest loss is highest.
Endowment & access to Resources (e.g. land, credit...) Production 4 1 Food security: • Availability • Access 3 6 7 2 Post-harvest Grain Management 5 9 Practices PHGMP • Storage+treatment • Processing • Stock Price variations: (Sales-repurchase) 8 8 9 Farmer Perception of risk • Instant grain sales • Grain Repurchase Figure 1. A Conceptual Framework: Post-Harvest Grain Management as a Determinant of Household Food Security Levels
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Part One - Agricultural Productivit
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I. Introduction Agricultural Produc
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came about from expansion of cultiv
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study, therefore, limited itself to
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Land allocation and yields of 12 cr
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Table 6: Key economic variables for
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local seed in absolute terms and th
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Table 11: Crosscutting priority con
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Table 13: General constraints to ma
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These results clearly demonstrate t
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Table 18: Crosscutting constraints
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V. Policy Implications The findings
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References Appleton, Simon (2001).
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1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Low
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egins with a summary of the literat
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Source: National Wetlands Conservat
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shillings (§37-38). Every landowne
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Similarly, Howard (1995) used socia
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Uganda may well have more than a qu
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factors that explain household leve
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of inputs 18 , pests and diseases,
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(PMA p. 27). It also requires impro
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agriculturalists, who still do not
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to have covered 30,000 ha. During t
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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The breadt
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• What is the current extent of w
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Figure 2. Changes in Sources of Com
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Figure 5. Proportion of Households
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estimates are remarkably consistent
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FSI - Percentage by District Distri
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was corrected using the White-Huber
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utilization for the household. Howe
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The nature of the structures to con
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impact of irrigation on horticultur
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growing population. Wetland protect
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. The Wetlands
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Appendix 2. THE 5V’s PRIORITY CLA
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Appendix 5. Determinants of Product
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Estimated covariances = 79 Number o
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International Food Policy Research
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Scherr, Sara J., 1999b. Poverty-env
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Land Tenure, Agricultural Productiv
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1.3 Statement of the problem Land s
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In order to achieve these objective
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densely populated Nyeri and Kakameg
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Figure 3: Conceptual Model Type of
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Figure 4: Location of the Study Dis
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By 2001, land demarcation and regis
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3.4 Survey Design The survey was un
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3.5.3 Model of Environmental Degrad
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questionnaire (Figure 8). Prominent
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Figure 10: Availability of hired la
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Figure 13 shows the level of cultiv
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joint significance test on the 4 dr
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Table 8: Regression Results on Maiz
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was classified into three categorie
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Table 9: Tobit Analysis with Enviro
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICAT
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5.5 Access to Market A number of fa
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FAO (2003b). “Women and Food Secu
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Omiti John and Paul Obunde (2002).
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Annex 1: Pearson Correlation Coeffi
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SEXHH SEXLUSER TSECUR VEGCP1 CHILDE
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Part two - Agricultural Markets
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Market Liberalisation and Agricultu
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farms show annual fluctuations, wit
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Figure 2: Recent trends in domestic
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5. The Model The interest of this s
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sources for each sector. α IM ji a
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Savings Households’ savings are a
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The value-added price is defined th
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Specifically, the Government polici
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Table 5: Calculated Tariff Rates (%
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disincentive to farmers. Inability
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competitiveness. The second one is
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Table 7: Wage Rates and Labour Inco
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Similar simulation is undertaken in
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References Block, S. and C.P. Timme
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Tyler, G. J. and Akinboade, O. 1992
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(A.10) ai ∑ P ϖ P i=1,...,3; j =
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(A.32) price (A.33) P Q = P ( 1+ td
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Table A.2: Variables of KEGEM Varia
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VA A i Efficiency parameter in valu
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CHAPTER FIVE Post-Liberalization Ma
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As alluded to earlier, initial agri
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directly to dairy farmers as animal
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to engage in this new role, the gov
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2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Overal
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markets with minor gaps in data ser
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Price-series correlations are conve
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Migori Awendo Postliberalization 1,
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model depends on whether or not the
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Table 6b--Unit root tests for price
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Table 8a--Unit root tests for OLS r
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3.3 The Role of Infrastructure and
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Table 13--Reported distances from t
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Table 15--Reported maize storage pr
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Table 17--Traders’ perception of
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3.3.6.2 Awareness of the Liberaliza
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Retailer (open-air market) 21 13 7
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3.4 Maize Marketing Costs Traders w
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3.4.4 License and Market Fees Accor
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5.Develop farmers’ and traders’
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Coulter, J., and J. A. F. Compton.
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Meilink, A. H. 1987. Food consumpti
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Figure 1 Maize surplus and deficit
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Figure 3 Trends in Maize Prices 199
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Price per 90kg bag (Kshs) Mbeere Di
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Figure 4 Modes of transporting maiz
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Figure 6: Limitations to storage ca
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Figure 8: Problems experienced in a
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CHAPTER SIX Grain Marketing in Addi
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A third, related explanation argues
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educed marketing costs related to p
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1.4. Research questions This study
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1.6. Organization of the report Thi
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the cases, respectively (Table 2.4)
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Brokers believe that most regional
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There is also a close relationship
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Table 2.14: Buyers’ methods for i
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Source: Survey, 2002. Table 2.18: D
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Table 2.22: Method used to grade di
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Table 2.25: Access to credit broker
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It has been reported that grain pur
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3. GRAIN RETAILERS Retailers serve
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Like brokers, retailers use cash or
Page 253 and 254: Table 3.11: Buyers’ information a
Page 255 and 256: Table 3.14: Retailers’ views of g
Page 257 and 258: Getting reliable price information
Page 259 and 260: Table 4.4: How do you set a sales p
Page 261 and 262: Table 4.7: Means of settling disput
Page 263 and 264: a.m. The survey included wholesale
Page 265 and 266: Table 5.3: Instability index of dai
Page 267 and 268: Table 5.7: Seasonality index of who
Page 269 and 270: Figure 5.3: Ratio of wholesale to r
Page 271 and 272: Table 5.8: Results of stationary te
Page 273 and 274: Table 5.10: Summary of Granger caus
Page 275 and 276: holiday sales. The results of the r
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.1: Storage capacity of the
Page 279 and 280: Intermarket grain flow is coordinat
Page 281 and 282: • a legal, regulatory, and enforc
Page 283 and 284: REFERENCES Al-Hassen, R., A. Dorwar
Page 285 and 286: Seppala, P. 1998. Decisive liberali
Page 287 and 288: achieve some welfare objective. The
Page 289 and 290: Annex Table 2.10: Have you faced di
Page 291 and 292: Annex Table 2.21: Do you consider p
Page 293 and 294: Annex Table 3.3: Cost structure of
Page 295 and 296: Annex Table 4.2: Complementary acti
Page 297 and 298: CHAPTER SEVEN Post-Harvest Grain Ma
Page 299 and 300: only (see Abebe 2000: 80-83). That
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Page 303: occur at all stages of post-harvest
Page 307 and 308: Figure 2: The Study Areas (shaded a
Page 309 and 310: (6) β i = β 0 λ i , 0
Page 311 and 312: Intercrop differences Liquidity con
Page 313 and 314: eplace old animals (19 percent of h
Page 315 and 316: Table 5. Number and capacity of gra
Page 317 and 318: Table 7b.Estimated grain loss durin
Page 319 and 320: 7.1.3. Grain Marketing Practices an
Page 321 and 322: 1.8 Producers' price 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
Page 323 and 324: next season, grain prices tend to b
Page 325 and 326: Table 13: Regression results (Tobit
Page 327 and 328: of grain production was reportedly
Page 329 and 330: instruments to mitigate price risks
Page 331 and 332: Coulter, J. and G. Onumah, (2002).
Page 333 and 334: Appendix: Supplementary Tables Appe
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER EIGHT Collective Action in
Page 337 and 338: The objectives of DRS were to popul
Page 339 and 340: increasing participation. Thus, the
Page 341 and 342: Table 2. Perceived change in benefi
Page 343 and 344: unsatisfactory (Table 8). Flaws in
Page 345 and 346: Table 14. Measures of wealth status
Page 347 and 348: Results from Regression Analysis Ta
Page 349 and 350: However, to maintain these benefits
Page 351 and 352: Table 18. Determinants of participa
Page 353 and 354: _______ 1981. Common property and c
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Management Regulations and Enforcem
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In theory, under PFM, the governmen
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3.2 Desk study The desk study invol
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Table 1: Number and gender of indiv
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Poverty Increase in number of fishe
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Table 5: Responses given by various
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wages after the catch is sold (see
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70 60 No of respondents 50 40 30 20
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4.2.3 Lack of attention to social i
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5.3 Regulate the construction of re
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REFERENCES Allison, E. H., and P. M
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APPENDIXES Appendix A: Districts of
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Questions and responses Government
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Questions and responses Lack of coo
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CHAPTER TEN Animal Health Service D
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• Individuals are selected for tr
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Makueni district was selected becau
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1.5 Justification of the study The
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more sustainable (Leonard 1993; Uma
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of defined roles for CBAHWs within
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Interviews with veterinary officers
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The estimated model was of the form
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Gender remains a sensitive issue. P
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The most common ailments and diseas
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4.3 Factors influencing the level o
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Table 9 -- Factors influencing the
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Table 10 - Factors determining the
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Table 12 -- Current mean numbers of
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Figure 4: Percentage of household h
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CBAHWs were the most utilized chann
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Users of veterinarians’ services
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Table 18 -- Levels of incomes and l
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higher average calving per cow, whi
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Table 21 -- CBAHWs’ ranking of sp
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epresentative of livestock keepers
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Despite the restriction imposed by
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veterinarians. Such associations co
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References Akabwai, D., V. Shean, a
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Johnson, P. J., and C. Chahuares. 1
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Appendix 1: The Logistic Procedure
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Social Capital and Sustainable Agri
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1.1 Soil conservation programs and
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1.3 Research Objectives and Hypothe
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Institutional and Policy factors -
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land pressure is high (Holden 1991)
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include density of membership in gr
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then summed up according to increas
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Social capital, resource use, and a
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Table 4.4 Farmers’ perception of
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Table 4.5: Empowerment and politica
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Table 4.8: Indicators of collective
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Table 4.10: Comparison of means of
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5. The influence of social capital
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especially when considered on an ad
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households may pay less attention t
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Table 5.3 Determinants of terracing
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and Gichuki 1994). In the 1940s, th
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Table 5.4. Determinants of soil con
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5.3. Social capital, resource use,
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6. Implications for policy and prog
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essential for the formation of exte
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BIBLIOGRPAHY Admassie, Y., L. I. Mw
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Gambetta, D. 1988. Can we trust tru
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Social capital and watershed develo
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Obare, G. A., S. W. Omamo, and J. C
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Washington D.C.: The World Bank Tem
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Appendix: A list of Contributors Ab
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Appendix: Projects Supported Under
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IFPRI Eastern Africa Food Policy Ne
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