trends and future of sustainable development - TransEco

More documents

Recommendations

Info

50 000 ha are currently irrigated. However, Zambia has suffered severe droughts from time to timedespite the abundant water resources. (National Agricultural Policy 2004-2015, 2004.)4. Ecosan in practiceIn general, dry toilets and recycling of nutrients is already a reality in Zambia. Human waste has beenused as fertiliser as a standard procedure even with old fashioned pit latrines. The increasing amount ofecosan projects has created a growing interest towards urine separating dry toilets and the use of plainurine in small scale irrigation. It is reported by several authorities, that it is difficult to have an opendiscussion of sanitation due to cultural issues – it is considered to be a private matter. Incidentally,handling human waste is traditionally been work for the poor and the mad, so utilising the productbecomes a problem. (MLGH 2010.)Even though unhygienic pit latrines are technically not allowed, the local authorities have no optionbut to accept them due to various reasons, such as lack of resources. It is not possible to provide sewageconnection to all areas and even proper latrine construction can prove to be too expensive for the people.(Lusaka City Council 2010.) This is why ecosan would be a suitable option for providing sanitation toeven densely populated and remote areas. However, the lack of information rises up as one of the majorchallenges. Indeed, ecosan could be one acceptable and recommended sanitation method, but because oflack of knowledge, the authorities do not see a reason to promote it. Furthermore, legislation cannot bechanged to promote dry toilets until some authority is willing to start work on the process. So far, thebenefits of ecosan are known by individuals but the units responsible are not convinced enough to startworking on a policy or a strategy on ecosan. (MoH 2008.) The result is a cycle of recommendationleading to proposal, only being then cancelled by an existing motion. The political priorities are oftenlimited to one single sector and multidisciplinary planning is forgotten. This may lead to a continuouscycle where policy affects practice and vice versa, leading nowhere. (Ascher and Healy 1990). Thisstationary movement which appears like development can be recognised from the conflicting laws andpolicies present in Zambian society – as described below.5. Legislative system in ZambiaThe legislative system in Zambia revolves around separate administrational and governmental bodies.The Parliament, responsible for enacting legislation, consists of the National Assembly and thepresident, both elected by the people for 5 year terms. The unicameral National Assembly has 150parliamentary constituencies who stand for elections and eight nominated by the president, as well asthe speaker. (State House 2009.)To oversee government administration and subject its activities to scrutiny on behalf of theelectorate, the Parliament has established parliamentary committees that conduct surveillance ondefined areas of government administration. A parliamentary committee system enables Parliament toprobe into any maladministration and make recommendations for improvement. (National Assembly ofZambia 2010.)150
When a change in an act is to be initiated, local authorities along with the relevant ministries andauthorities start doing the groundwork. In the case of ecological sanitation, the main responsibilitywould lie upon the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) and the National Water and SanitationCouncil (NWASCO). Together with Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH), Ministry ofHealth (MoH), Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) and Ministry of Tourism,Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR) they would complete stakeholder analysis and collectcomments from the public – all the preliminary work needed to initiate a change in legislation. (ECZ2010.)The draft, prepared by these authorities, would be presented to the Parliament for the first reading,after which the bills are referred to relevant committees. The committee hears selected experts and callsupon presentations from institutions and NGOs. Eventually, they will determine which act is to bechanged and in what way. (National Assembly of Zambia 2010.)The Parliament enacts legislation through bills passed by the National Assembly and assented to bythe president. Any member of the National Assembly may introduce bills in the Assembly. Once a billhas been submitted to the president, it must be within 21 days assented to by the president or referredback to the speaker for reconsideration. Every citizen has a right to petition Parliament to enact, amendor repeal any legislation, as well as has a right to comment on discussion and debate at the Parliament.(Constitution of Zambia Act 1991; Interpretation and General Provisions Act 1994.) If an issue does notrequire an official enactment of Parliament, simple regulations can be put into force by decisions of therelevant ministry (ECZ 2010). In addition, for the Parliament being able to change or create acts, also thelocal authorities can make by-laws for “the good rule and government of its area”. The by-laws areconfirmed by a minister. (Local Government Act 1991.)The issues involving sanitation, ecological sanitation and recycling of nutrients are spread over arather wide area of legislation, from housing to public health, water and agriculture. The most importantpieces of legislation are briefly described in Table 1.151
Page 1 and 2:
Hanna Lakkala & Jarmo Vehmas (edito
Page 3 and 4:
CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..............
Page 5 and 6:
Implementation of Total responsibil
Page 7 and 8:
In addition, an expert panel chaire
Page 9 and 10:
GROUPING AND RANKING THE EU-27 COUN
Page 11 and 12:
objects, i.e. countries. The city b
Page 13 and 14:
Motorization rate (number of cars/
Page 15 and 16:
Cluster 7: Italy, SpainAs can be un
Page 17 and 18:
The northwestern European cluster i
Page 20 and 21:
ReferencesEurostat (2011) Eurostat
Page 22 and 23:
The authors applied both the SUMMA
Page 24 and 25:
3.1. SUMMA examplesEmissions are a
Page 26 and 27:
sector not in the paid work sector
Page 28 and 29:
sustainability. While non-use and e
Page 30 and 31:
Figure 5.Fund-Flow analysis of Scot
Page 32 and 33:
examination concern e.g. dispersal
Page 34 and 35:
These interlinked themes strongly a
Page 36 and 37:
Social sustainabilitySocial sustain
Page 38 and 39:
Economic sustainabilityThe existenc
Page 40 and 41:
Public transport is efficient (supp
Page 42 and 43:
SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BI
Page 44 and 45:
1. Introduction and BackgroundThe d
Page 46 and 47:
3. Case StudiesTwo alternative scen
Page 48 and 49:
(methodological, spatial and time-s
Page 50 and 51:
Comparing with energy uses in Campa
Page 52 and 53:
ESI 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14% Renewable
Page 54 and 55:
Kamm, B. - Kamm, M. (2004) Principl
Page 56 and 57:
It is possible to identify five pre
Page 58 and 59:
Case study applicationThe Cairngorm
Page 60 and 61:
The language and terminology used b
Page 62 and 63:
utility of MUSIASEM were less varie
Page 64 and 65:
Our findings illustrate that relati
Page 66 and 67:
McNie, E. C. 2007, "Reconciling the
Page 68 and 69:
1. IntroductionRomania is a country
Page 70 and 71:
Figure 2.The Manufacture sector has
Page 72 and 73:
Figure 5.Between 2002 and 2006, Ele
Page 74 and 75:
The database of net taxes on produc
Page 76 and 77:
Serbanescu, I., 2007. Romania Under
Page 78 and 79:
flows such as the residuals of prod
Page 80 and 81:
Consumption (TMC) is a deriavite of
Page 82 and 83:
6. Imported and Exported Material F
Page 84 and 85:
points of view means that the use o
Page 86 and 87:
TRENDS AND DRIVING FACTORS IN FINNI
Page 88 and 89:
Figure 1.The interlinking of the fr
Page 90 and 91:
Figure 3. The removal of total andc
Page 92 and 93:
200150100500-50CO2FI/FECFIFECFI/VAF
Page 94 and 95:
ReferencesBraczyk, P.H.J., Cooke, P
Page 96 and 97:
“JUST BEGIN”A CASE STUDY IN CRE
Page 98 and 99:
2. Materials and MethodsThe role of
Page 100 and 101: everyone some share in the land’s
Page 102 and 103: allowing for winter grazing and car
Page 104 and 105: Useful PrinciplesAn especially impo
Page 106 and 107: This approach necessarily has major
Page 108 and 109: POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE LEAST DE
Page 110 and 111: made interviews in a village that h
Page 112 and 113: was put on projects predominantly f
Page 114 and 115: (discussed in more detail in follow
Page 116 and 117: 4. Solar Home System Program in Lao
Page 118 and 119: micro hydro has not received that m
Page 120 and 121: And the role of smaller scale solut
Page 122 and 123: has become in discourse level the m
Page 124 and 125: ReferencesBerliant, Leslie (2009) W
Page 126 and 127: DEVELOPING TIBET INTO A SPECIAL SUS
Page 128 and 129: are just a curiosity for festivals
Page 130 and 131: Environmental sustainabilityEnviron
Page 132 and 133: and towns under the reservoir. Howe
Page 134 and 135: ailways, airports and townships for
Page 136 and 137: (3) social needs: good relations an
Page 138 and 139: COPENHAGEN FAILURE AND NORTH-SOUTHD
Page 140 and 141: ”whoever defines the terms of the
Page 142 and 143: Blair makes a division between deve
Page 144 and 145: Issue 3: Action suggestionsOne of t
Page 146 and 147: change as a serious problem and und
Page 148 and 149: aspects. Through the scrutiny of le
Page 152 and 153: Table 2.The main pieces of legislat
Page 154 and 155: Table 3.The main policy documents o
Page 156 and 157: However, the Zambian laws on sanita
Page 158 and 159: State House (2009). Updated on 16th
Page 160 and 161: Forum 2009). As agriculture is the
Page 162 and 163: 2005; Levy and Newell 2002). These
Page 164 and 165: The virtual water ‘flows’ embed
Page 166 and 167: value given to the other members of
Page 168 and 169: countries of operation, promoting m
Page 170 and 171: Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., (2
Page 172 and 173: 1723. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
Page 174 and 175: guarantee the consumer’s opportun
Page 176 and 177: 3. Growth of GDP doesn’t guarante
Page 178 and 179: Veblen’s observation on the inter
Page 180 and 181: overriding of the ‘interference o
Page 182 and 183: consumption has no centre point (or
Page 184 and 185: Habermas, J., 1968. Erkenntnis und
Page 186 and 187: 2010). However, people who prioriti
Page 188 and 189: Table 2.Operationalizing of attitud
Page 190 and 191: material intensity, which is driven
Page 192 and 193: 225 cases of serious illness per te
Page 194 and 195: instance, to tax labor in the frame
Page 196 and 197: Anderson, A., Harris, T., Tylavsky,
Page 198 and 199: Heiskala, R. (2000). Toiminta, tapa
Page 200 and 201:
Rauh, V., Arunajadai, S., Horton, M
Page 202 and 203:
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CONSUMPTION- TW
Page 204 and 205:
possibilities to participate in the
Page 206 and 207:
udgets were mostly selected by expe
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 1.Material footprint of the
Page 210 and 211:
eference budgets. A reduction in li
Page 212 and 213:
Schmidt-Bleek,F. (2009) The Earth:
Page 214 and 215:
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR LIFE CYC
Page 216 and 217:
Geels notes that for transitions to
Page 218 and 219:
Hafkamp (2002), working from the ec
Page 220 and 221:
4.1. LCT based analysis as a test f
Page 222 and 223:
effect, this image establishes a vi
Page 224 and 225:
management strategies, it has been
Page 226 and 227:
5.2.3. Subsidiarity: Level of imple
Page 228 and 229:
Council Directive. 2008. 2008/98/EC
Page 230 and 231:
LAND USE FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION -
Page 232 and 233:
Economic: part of the technical pot
Page 234 and 235:
local food production system. Conse
Page 236 and 237:
As can be seen from the graph above
Page 238 and 239:
ReferencesBerndes G, Hoogwijk M, va
Page 240 and 241:
DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE
Page 242 and 243:
Figure 1.Dynamic and Folding Field
Page 244 and 245:
esponses to an array of possible em
Page 246 and 247:
Leadership and institutionsThe SEQC
Page 248 and 249:
not preferable. Scenario 4: Transfo
Page 250 and 251:
Figure 2.Practical responses across
Page 252 and 253:
Wilber, Ken. 2001. A Theory of Ever
Page 254 and 255:
2. Background and LiteratureSustain
Page 256 and 257:
about environmental challenges. Sco
Page 258 and 259:
interconnectedness of globalization
Page 260 and 261:
ConclusionThe analysis of the data
Page 262 and 263:
ReferencesAgenda 21, Chapter 36. Th
Page 264 and 265:
2. Theory and LiteratureTo achieve
Page 266 and 267:
There probably are professional dif
Page 268 and 269:
design fields, 2 from economics and
Page 270 and 271:
out. While there are some necessary
Page 272 and 273:
J. (Eds.) Proceedings of LeNS Confe
Page 274 and 275:
INNOVATIVE FISCAL POLICY IN THE CON
Page 276 and 277:
3. A concept of innovative fiscal p
Page 278 and 279:
transfers, and social contributions
Page 280 and 281:
Although Finland can be ranked into
Page 282 and 283:
which induced lower tax revenues -
Page 284 and 285:
panacea; furthermore, unlegislated
Page 286 and 287:
ReferencesAfonso, A. - Hauptmeier,
Page 288 and 289:
In this paper are presented some fi
Page 290 and 291:
The baseline scenario for 2011-2012
Page 292 and 293:
Indirect effects: the increased wei
Page 294 and 295:
AcknowledgementsThis paper was supp
Page 296 and 297:
e added to the domestic hidden econ
Page 298 and 299:
case when all household are involve
Page 300 and 301:
(from 70.8% in 1997 to 63.1% in 200
Page 302 and 303:
Appendix 1Shares of informal income
Page 304 and 305:
H2 Estimations under the hypotheses
Page 306 and 307:
1999). In this analysis the Finnish
Page 308 and 309:
warming, growing environmental burd
Page 310 and 311:
aggregate indicator. It is by no me
Page 312 and 313:
Diefenbacher, H. 1994. The index of
Page 314 and 315:
3147. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
Page 316 and 317:
themselves - both in day-to-day bus
Page 318 and 319:
3. How do we arrive at big picture?
Page 320 and 321:
Figure 3.Pillars of sustainability
Page 322 and 323:
That communication, networking, and
Page 324 and 325:
companies already consider the sust
Page 326 and 327:
1. IntroductionCompanies leading in
Page 328 and 329:
Figure 1.Sources of InnovationExami
Page 330 and 331:
penetration of disruptive innovatio
Page 332 and 333:
introduced by Canon which eventuall
Page 334 and 335:
Scenario 4 - Disruptive Era: This i
Page 336 and 337:
Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J. P. 200
Page 338 and 339:
1. IntroductionTotal Quality manage
Page 340 and 341:
Waddock and Graves, 1997). Neverthe
Page 342 and 343:
organizations to discover and creat
Page 344 and 345:
undertaken to pursue a sustainable
Page 346 and 347:
and ways to enhance and effectively
Page 348 and 349:
Waddock, SA & Graves, SB 1997. ‘T
Page 350 and 351:
the company and its stakeholders. O
Page 352 and 353:
persons. About 30% of the shares ar
Page 354 and 355:
working groups and board of directo
Page 356 and 357:
sustainability webpages and press r
Page 358 and 359:
Näsi, Juha (1995) What is stakehol
Page 360 and 361:
the indirect and inter-stakeholder
Page 362 and 363:
In June 2005, the presidents of Uru
Page 364 and 365:
examine the stakeholder relationshi
Page 366 and 367:
Union expressed its’ support to t
Page 368 and 369:
The analysis of this case illustrat
Page 370 and 371:
Meyer, K. E., Mudambi, R. & Narula,
Page 372 and 373:
(Vandenbergh 2007; McBarnet and Kur
Page 374 and 375:
Finally, enforceability is another
Page 376 and 377:
3.2. OverviewThe legal scholarship
Page 378 and 379:
law, transnational private regulati
Page 380 and 381:
The SA8000, a certification based s
Page 382 and 383:
As the analyzed literature shows, t
Page 384 and 385:
Shaffer, G. and Pollack, M.A.., 201
Page 386 and 387:
documents and to correct the disclo
Page 388 and 389:
2.2. The EU CSR disclosure regimeSi
Page 390 and 391:
The decision laid down the path for
Page 392 and 393:
2011). More fundamental criticisms
Page 394 and 395:
espect of the materiality of CSR re
Page 396 and 397:
unexpected side effects as well. As
Page 398 and 399:
HEITZMAN, S., WASLEY, C. E. & ZIMME
Page 400 and 401:
4008. FUTURES METHODS
Page 402 and 403:
1. IntroductionThe Finnish society
Page 404 and 405:
Figure 2.An analysis on effectivene
Page 406 and 407:
In the following the scenarios are
Page 408 and 409:
Development corresponds closest to
Page 410 and 411:
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD CARDS AND
Page 412 and 413:
infrastructure sector. Thus, the ne
Page 414 and 415:
consulted the right experts or if w
Page 416 and 417:
Tampere area and Lapin Kansa is pub
Page 418 and 419:
Here are just a few examples of the
Page 420 and 421:
transparent decision-making. If pol
Page 422 and 423:
Local and Regional Authorities.http
Page 424 and 425:
DELPHI ON TRANSPORT AND CO 2 EMISSI
Page 426 and 427:
which had offered little informatio
Page 428 and 429:
and sidewalks. The use and ownershi
Page 430 and 431:
very slow decrease after the year 2
Page 432 and 433:
emissions of the car, and the annua
Page 434 and 435:
Finnish Government (2008) Long-term
Page 436 and 437:
ANALYSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROA
Page 438 and 439:
developed countries but not globall
Page 440 and 441:
only are useful in stable condition
Page 442 and 443:
analysis and literature survey form
Page 444 and 445:
However, the survey did not give in
Page 446 and 447:
DETR (1999) Sustainable distributio
Page 448 and 449:
complex and systematic understandin
Page 450 and 451:
The structure and aims of the paper
Page 452 and 453:
Table 1.Steps of the ANT-derived me
Page 454 and 455:
After the first iteration the impor
Page 456 and 457:
in the real world? Since the lack o
Page 458 and 459:
SMALL STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRAN
Page 460 and 461:
Quantitative content analysis was p
Page 462 and 463:
general, attitudes towards car tax
Page 464 and 465:
Future orientation of the discussio
Page 466 and 467:
public, there were little possibili
Page 468 and 469:
46810. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
Page 470 and 471:
meaningful components and compares
Page 472 and 473:
fuel combustion. Positive values fo
Page 474 and 475:
We analyse the changes in the count
Page 476 and 477:
200180160140120100806040200Activity
Page 478 and 479:
has had considerable impact on CO 2
Page 480 and 481:
The structural decomposition analys
Page 482 and 483:
Intensity effect on Final Energy Co
Page 484 and 485:
%China, factors affecting CO 2 emis
Page 486 and 487:
4. ConclusionsThe decomposition ana
Page 488 and 489:
MICROALGAE AS A BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK:
Page 490 and 491:
are dominating the international ag
Page 492 and 493:
3.1.3. BiodiversityBiodiversity is
Page 494 and 495:
Moreover, people attach more and mo
Page 496 and 497:
important role in tackling with or
Page 498 and 499:
Spolaore P., Joannis C. C., Duran E
Page 500 and 501:
DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONSK.
Page 502 and 503:
disciplines and socialised in diffe
Page 504 and 505:
5. Corporate contextKSB is a medium
Page 506 and 507:
Most important, BOS does not touch
Page 508 and 509:
ongoing or expected changes in the
Page 510 and 511:
1Idea andevaluation2Clarif. ofobjec
Page 512 and 513:
Arthur. 2009. The Nature of Technol
Page 514 and 515:
SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS IN DESIGN
Page 516 and 517:
Figure 1.Left: The various roles of
Page 518 and 519:
longer product centred. It is widel
Page 520 and 521:
the competence to help develop dema
Page 522 and 523:
Figure 4.Survey framework: Dimensio
Page 524 and 525:
gap. In our survey, the lack of con
Page 526 and 527:
SUSTAINABILITY AND INDUSTRIAL DESIG
Page 528 and 529:
“memories of the future” that e
Page 530 and 531:
that it is quite common for compani
Page 532 and 533:
3. How will sustainability change:
Page 534 and 535:
e sensitive to sustainability as th
Page 536 and 537:
Industrial Designers Society of Ame
show all

trends and future of sustainable development - TransEco

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?