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As the analyzed literature shows, the enforcement role of SCCs should be connected with the factthat transnational CSR regulation has predominantly a soft form and there are no internationalprocedures in place enabling effective enforcement thereof. A contract as a binding legal document thussubstitutes governmental enforcement power. The enforcement purpose of SCCs is achieved byenforcement processes available under a specific contract. This includes not only penalty clauses but alsorelational enforcement means, like self-assessment or auditing of suppliers, which seem to be thepreferred method securing compliance with ethical standards among supply chains.The strategic regulatory approach will allow to minimize the risks and to use the opportunities ofSCCs strategically. Under this approach, a company will employ its contractual power not only to secureits own compliance and motivate and enforce compliance of its suppliers but also to regulate importantissues, not dealt with in the existing regulation. Such SCCs will be often found in the main body of acontract specifying the contractual parties’ rights and obligations. This extension of contractual power isnot anticipated by the existing regulation for already mentioned reasons; however, is recognized by legalscholarship. The question is where the borderline between SCCs and regulation, especially selfregulation,lies. The regulatory purpose of SCCs is probably the most questionable one from theperspective of legal theory and, therefore, needs more attention of research in the future.6. ConclusionThe article presents a new approach to business contracts as a means of CSR. It suggests a conceptualframework under which effectiveness and potential of SCCs may be further examined. Using findings fromliterature review and analysis of existing CSR regulations, the framework classifies the SCCs according totheir legal purpose into four categories: defensive, motivational, enforcing, and regulatory. It is found thata legal purpose does not always correspond to the underlying business purpose. Only when these twoobjectives are harmonized, it is possible for a company to explore the full strategic potential of SCCs.The framework has certain limitations that could be, however, overcome by future research. Firstly,business purposes of SCCs should be examined empirically in order to establish more precise connectionbetween the legal and business objectives. Further, the framework does not provide link between legalpurpose and legal effects which may differ substantially. Here again, more research is needed to discoverthe real potential of SCCs in the CSR regulatory environment. I anticipate that the legal effects willdepend primarily on the regulatory and enforcement environment of the specific supplier’s location.Secondly, the use of SCCs is certainly influenced by a power distribution between the contractualparties. This article works with the assumption that a buyer has a greater power but it does not need tobe the case every time. In connection to this issue, also a mutual attraction between the contractingparties should be examined to realistically assess the SCCs’ impact.Despite the mentioned limitation, the proposed conceptual framework may help us to understandthe role and potential of sustainable contracts. It may serve as a starting point for future research in thearea of law as well as economics of sustainability. If a company realizes the legal purpose of SCCs’inclusion into contracts, it may optimize drafting of its contracts and targeting of complementarymanagement activities in order to harmonize the business and legal objective and thus to achieve theintended legal and business effects. The framework may also help regulatory bodies to direct better theirfocus in the future regulations and enforcement activities.382
ReferencesAlbareda, L., 2008. Corporate responsibility, governance and accountability: from self-regulation to coregulation.Corporate Governance, 8(4), pp. 430-439.Backer, L.C., 2007. Economic Globalization and the Rise of Efficient Systems of Global PrivateLawmaking: Wal-Mart as Global Legislator. University of Connecticut Law Review, 39(4), pp. 3-46.Cafaggi, F., 2010. Private Regulation, Supply Chain and Contractual Networks: The Case of Food Safety.EUI RSCAS; 2010/10, Private Regulation Series – 03.Cafaggi, F., 2011. New Foundations of Transnational Private Regulation. Journal of Law and Society,38(1), pp. 20-49.Curtin, D. and Senden, L., 2011. Public Accountability of Transnational Private Regulation: Chimera orReality?. Journal of Law and Society, 38(1), pp. 163-188.de Jonge, A., 2011. Transnational corporations and international law: bringing TNCs out of theaccountability vacuum. Critical perspectives on international business, 7(1), pp. 66-89.Fontaine, M. and De Ly, F., 2006. Drafting international contracts : an analysis of contract clauses.NY: Transnational Publishers, Ardsley.Gudel, P., 1998. Relational Contract Theory and the Concept of Exchange. Buffalo Law Review, 46(3),pp. 763-797.International Association for Contract & Commercial Management (IACCM) and Pace University, 2010.The Triple Bottom Line: The Use of Sustainability and Stabilization Clauses in InternationalContracts. Available at www.iaccm.com to the association’s members.Kolk, A. and Tulder Van, R., 2002. The effectiveness of self-regulation: Corporate codes of conduct andchild labour. European Management Journal, 20(3), pp. 260-271.Lambooy, T.E. ,2010. Corporate social responsibility legal and semi-legal frameworks supporting.Kluwer.Lundblad, C., 2005. Some Legal Dimensions of Corporate Codes of Conduct. In: Mullerat, R., ed., 2005.Corporate Social Responsibility: The Corporate Governance of the 21st Century. Hague: KluwerLaw International. Ch. 26.Macneil, I.R., 1980. The new social contract: an inquiry into modern contractual relations. , NewHaven: Yale University Press.Mayer, F. and Gereffi, G., 2010. Regulation and Economic Globalization: Prospects and Limits of PrivateGovernance. Business and Politics, 12(3), pp. 1-25.McBarnet, D., 2007. Corporate Social Responsibility Beyond Law, Through Law, for Law. In: McBarnet,D., Voiculescu, A. and Campbell, T., ed., 2009(2007). The new corporate accountability:Corporate social responsibility and the law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 1.McBarnet, D. and Kurkchiyan, M., 2007. Corporate social responsibility through contractual control?Global supply chains and 'other-regulation'. In: McBarnet, D., Voiculescu, A. and Campbell, T., ed.,2009(2007). The new corporate accountability: Corporate social responsibility and the law.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 2.Ostas, D.T., 2004. Cooperate, Comply, or Evade? A Corporate Executive's Social Responsibilities withRegard to Law. American Business Law Journal, 41(4), pp. 559-594.Parker, Ch., 2007. Meta-Regulation: Legal Accountability for Corporate Social Responsibility? In:McBarnet, D., Voiculescu, A. and Campbell, T., ed., 2009(2007). The new corporateaccountability: Corporate social responsibility and the law. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress. Ch. 7.Porter, M.E. and Kramer, M.R., 2007. Strategy and Society: The Link Between Competitive Advantageand Corporate Social Responsibility. Harvard business review, 85(4).Rasche, A., 2010. Collaborative Governance 2.0. Corporate Governance, 10(4).Schwenzer, I. and Leisinger, B., 2007. Ethical Values and International Sales Contracts. In: Cranston, R.,Ramberg, J., Ziegler, J. and Hellner, J., 2007. Commercial law challenges in the 21st century: JanHellner in memoriam. Stockholm: Stockholm Centre for Commercial Law, pp. 249-275.383
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Hanna Lakkala & Jarmo Vehmas (edito
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CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..............
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Implementation of Total responsibil
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In addition, an expert panel chaire
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GROUPING AND RANKING THE EU-27 COUN
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objects, i.e. countries. The city b
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Motorization rate (number of cars/
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Cluster 7: Italy, SpainAs can be un
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The northwestern European cluster i
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ReferencesEurostat (2011) Eurostat
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The authors applied both the SUMMA
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3.1. SUMMA examplesEmissions are a
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sector not in the paid work sector
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sustainability. While non-use and e
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Figure 5.Fund-Flow analysis of Scot
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examination concern e.g. dispersal
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These interlinked themes strongly a
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Social sustainabilitySocial sustain
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Economic sustainabilityThe existenc
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Public transport is efficient (supp
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SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BI
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1. Introduction and BackgroundThe d
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3. Case StudiesTwo alternative scen
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(methodological, spatial and time-s
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Comparing with energy uses in Campa
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ESI 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14% Renewable
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Kamm, B. - Kamm, M. (2004) Principl
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It is possible to identify five pre
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Case study applicationThe Cairngorm
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The language and terminology used b
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utility of MUSIASEM were less varie
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Our findings illustrate that relati
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McNie, E. C. 2007, "Reconciling the
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1. IntroductionRomania is a country
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Figure 2.The Manufacture sector has
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Figure 5.Between 2002 and 2006, Ele
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The database of net taxes on produc
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Serbanescu, I., 2007. Romania Under
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flows such as the residuals of prod
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Consumption (TMC) is a deriavite of
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6. Imported and Exported Material F
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points of view means that the use o
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TRENDS AND DRIVING FACTORS IN FINNI
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Figure 1.The interlinking of the fr
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Figure 3. The removal of total andc
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200150100500-50CO2FI/FECFIFECFI/VAF
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ReferencesBraczyk, P.H.J., Cooke, P
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“JUST BEGIN”A CASE STUDY IN CRE
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2. Materials and MethodsThe role of
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everyone some share in the land’s
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allowing for winter grazing and car
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Useful PrinciplesAn especially impo
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This approach necessarily has major
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POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE LEAST DE
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made interviews in a village that h
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was put on projects predominantly f
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(discussed in more detail in follow
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4. Solar Home System Program in Lao
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micro hydro has not received that m
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And the role of smaller scale solut
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has become in discourse level the m
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ReferencesBerliant, Leslie (2009) W
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DEVELOPING TIBET INTO A SPECIAL SUS
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are just a curiosity for festivals
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Environmental sustainabilityEnviron
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and towns under the reservoir. Howe
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ailways, airports and townships for
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(3) social needs: good relations an
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COPENHAGEN FAILURE AND NORTH-SOUTHD
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”whoever defines the terms of the
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Blair makes a division between deve
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Issue 3: Action suggestionsOne of t
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change as a serious problem and und
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aspects. Through the scrutiny of le
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50 000 ha are currently irrigated.
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Table 2.The main pieces of legislat
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Table 3.The main policy documents o
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However, the Zambian laws on sanita
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State House (2009). Updated on 16th
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Forum 2009). As agriculture is the
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2005; Levy and Newell 2002). These
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The virtual water ‘flows’ embed
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value given to the other members of
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countries of operation, promoting m
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Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., (2
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1723. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
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guarantee the consumer’s opportun
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3. Growth of GDP doesn’t guarante
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Veblen’s observation on the inter
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overriding of the ‘interference o
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consumption has no centre point (or
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Habermas, J., 1968. Erkenntnis und
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2010). However, people who prioriti
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Table 2.Operationalizing of attitud
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material intensity, which is driven
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225 cases of serious illness per te
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instance, to tax labor in the frame
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Anderson, A., Harris, T., Tylavsky,
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Heiskala, R. (2000). Toiminta, tapa
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Rauh, V., Arunajadai, S., Horton, M
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MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CONSUMPTION- TW
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possibilities to participate in the
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udgets were mostly selected by expe
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Figure 1.Material footprint of the
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eference budgets. A reduction in li
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Schmidt-Bleek,F. (2009) The Earth:
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A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR LIFE CYC
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Geels notes that for transitions to
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Hafkamp (2002), working from the ec
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4.1. LCT based analysis as a test f
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effect, this image establishes a vi
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management strategies, it has been
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5.2.3. Subsidiarity: Level of imple
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Council Directive. 2008. 2008/98/EC
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LAND USE FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION -
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Economic: part of the technical pot
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local food production system. Conse
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As can be seen from the graph above
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ReferencesBerndes G, Hoogwijk M, va
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DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE
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Figure 1.Dynamic and Folding Field
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esponses to an array of possible em
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Leadership and institutionsThe SEQC
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not preferable. Scenario 4: Transfo
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Figure 2.Practical responses across
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Wilber, Ken. 2001. A Theory of Ever
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2. Background and LiteratureSustain
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about environmental challenges. Sco
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interconnectedness of globalization
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ConclusionThe analysis of the data
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ReferencesAgenda 21, Chapter 36. Th
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2. Theory and LiteratureTo achieve
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There probably are professional dif
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design fields, 2 from economics and
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out. While there are some necessary
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J. (Eds.) Proceedings of LeNS Confe
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INNOVATIVE FISCAL POLICY IN THE CON
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3. A concept of innovative fiscal p
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transfers, and social contributions
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Although Finland can be ranked into
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which induced lower tax revenues -
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panacea; furthermore, unlegislated
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ReferencesAfonso, A. - Hauptmeier,
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In this paper are presented some fi
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The baseline scenario for 2011-2012
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Indirect effects: the increased wei
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AcknowledgementsThis paper was supp
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e added to the domestic hidden econ
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case when all household are involve
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(from 70.8% in 1997 to 63.1% in 200
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Appendix 1Shares of informal income
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H2 Estimations under the hypotheses
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1999). In this analysis the Finnish
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warming, growing environmental burd
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aggregate indicator. It is by no me
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Diefenbacher, H. 1994. The index of
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3147. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
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themselves - both in day-to-day bus
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3. How do we arrive at big picture?
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Figure 3.Pillars of sustainability
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That communication, networking, and
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companies already consider the sust
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1. IntroductionCompanies leading in
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Figure 1.Sources of InnovationExami
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penetration of disruptive innovatio
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Page 334 and 335: Scenario 4 - Disruptive Era: This i
Page 336 and 337: Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J. P. 200
Page 338 and 339: 1. IntroductionTotal Quality manage
Page 340 and 341: Waddock and Graves, 1997). Neverthe
Page 342 and 343: organizations to discover and creat
Page 344 and 345: undertaken to pursue a sustainable
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Page 348 and 349: Waddock, SA & Graves, SB 1997. ‘T
Page 350 and 351: the company and its stakeholders. O
Page 352 and 353: persons. About 30% of the shares ar
Page 354 and 355: working groups and board of directo
Page 356 and 357: sustainability webpages and press r
Page 358 and 359: Näsi, Juha (1995) What is stakehol
Page 360 and 361: the indirect and inter-stakeholder
Page 362 and 363: In June 2005, the presidents of Uru
Page 364 and 365: examine the stakeholder relationshi
Page 366 and 367: Union expressed its’ support to t
Page 368 and 369: The analysis of this case illustrat
Page 370 and 371: Meyer, K. E., Mudambi, R. & Narula,
Page 372 and 373: (Vandenbergh 2007; McBarnet and Kur
Page 374 and 375: Finally, enforceability is another
Page 376 and 377: 3.2. OverviewThe legal scholarship
Page 378 and 379: law, transnational private regulati
Page 380 and 381: The SA8000, a certification based s
Page 384 and 385: Shaffer, G. and Pollack, M.A.., 201
Page 386 and 387: documents and to correct the disclo
Page 388 and 389: 2.2. The EU CSR disclosure regimeSi
Page 390 and 391: The decision laid down the path for
Page 392 and 393: 2011). More fundamental criticisms
Page 394 and 395: espect of the materiality of CSR re
Page 396 and 397: unexpected side effects as well. As
Page 398 and 399: HEITZMAN, S., WASLEY, C. E. & ZIMME
Page 400 and 401: 4008. FUTURES METHODS
Page 402 and 403: 1. IntroductionThe Finnish society
Page 404 and 405: Figure 2.An analysis on effectivene
Page 406 and 407: In the following the scenarios are
Page 408 and 409: Development corresponds closest to
Page 410 and 411: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD CARDS AND
Page 412 and 413: infrastructure sector. Thus, the ne
Page 414 and 415: consulted the right experts or if w
Page 416 and 417: Tampere area and Lapin Kansa is pub
Page 418 and 419: Here are just a few examples of the
Page 420 and 421: transparent decision-making. If pol
Page 422 and 423: Local and Regional Authorities.http
Page 424 and 425: DELPHI ON TRANSPORT AND CO 2 EMISSI
Page 426 and 427: which had offered little informatio
Page 428 and 429: and sidewalks. The use and ownershi
Page 430 and 431: very slow decrease after the year 2
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emissions of the car, and the annua
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Finnish Government (2008) Long-term
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ANALYSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROA
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developed countries but not globall
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only are useful in stable condition
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analysis and literature survey form
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However, the survey did not give in
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DETR (1999) Sustainable distributio
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complex and systematic understandin
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The structure and aims of the paper
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Table 1.Steps of the ANT-derived me
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After the first iteration the impor
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in the real world? Since the lack o
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SMALL STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRAN
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Quantitative content analysis was p
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general, attitudes towards car tax
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Future orientation of the discussio
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public, there were little possibili
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46810. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
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meaningful components and compares
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fuel combustion. Positive values fo
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We analyse the changes in the count
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200180160140120100806040200Activity
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has had considerable impact on CO 2
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The structural decomposition analys
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Intensity effect on Final Energy Co
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%China, factors affecting CO 2 emis
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4. ConclusionsThe decomposition ana
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MICROALGAE AS A BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK:
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are dominating the international ag
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3.1.3. BiodiversityBiodiversity is
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Moreover, people attach more and mo
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important role in tackling with or
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Spolaore P., Joannis C. C., Duran E
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DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONSK.
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disciplines and socialised in diffe
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5. Corporate contextKSB is a medium
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Most important, BOS does not touch
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ongoing or expected changes in the
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1Idea andevaluation2Clarif. ofobjec
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Arthur. 2009. The Nature of Technol
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SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS IN DESIGN
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Figure 1.Left: The various roles of
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longer product centred. It is widel
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the competence to help develop dema
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Figure 4.Survey framework: Dimensio
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gap. In our survey, the lack of con
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SUSTAINABILITY AND INDUSTRIAL DESIG
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“memories of the future” that e
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that it is quite common for compani
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3. How will sustainability change:
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e sensitive to sustainability as th
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Industrial Designers Society of Ame
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