trends and future of sustainable development - TransEco

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meaningful components and compares the shares of these components. In addition to the chaineddecomposition analysis of five different factors affecting the emissions, we have also carried out astructural decomposition analysis of the final energy use component comparing the activity, intensityand structural effects on the agricultural, industrial and service sector energy use.We have carried out the decomposition analysis for Brazil, Russia, India and China. These economieshave a major role in future climate policy and the attempts to reduce greenhouse gases in a sustainablelevel.2. MethodAdvanced Sustainability Analysis (ASA) is a mathematical information system developed by the FinlandFutures Research Centre. It can be used to analyze macro-economic development from differentsustainability points of view (see Kaivo-oja et al, 2001; 2002; Luukkanen et al. 2002a; 2002b; 2002c;Malaska et al, 2003; Vehmas et al, 2003; Kaivo-oja, 2004). ASA focuses on analyzing changes inenvironmental stress (ES) or social welfare (WF) or other factors, measured with different indicators.ASA is different from other sustainability analysis methods such as “ecological footprint” or “ecologicalrucksack”, which strive to provide an absolute measure of the state of environmental sustainability only.ASA deals with environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability, and it revealsinformation about the direction of change - whether it is towards or away from sustainability. Thismakes ASA a more practical tool for policy analysis. ASA has been used to measure and analyze severalsustainability-related phenomena such as dematerialization of production, immaterialization ofconsumption, rebound effects, sustainable economic growth and sustainable technology development rate.The method of ASA is a complete decomposition analysis in order to divide the total change ofresearched variable into different components which are called factors. The sum of all identified anddecomposed factors equals to the total change of variable under investigation. Different decompositiontechniques have been developed mainly in the field of energy studies for modelling changes in e.g.energy use or energy intensity (see e.g. Rose & Casler, 1996; Ang & Zhang, 2000). The main features ofASA include applying the decomposition technique into sustainable development indicators andinterpreting the decomposed factors as indicators either advancing or threatening sustainability. Thecomplete decomposition method used in this study is described below.The ASA carried out in this study identifies five different factors behind the change in CO 2 emissionfrom fuel combustion (see Figure 1). The factors are described and interpreted in the following. Thestarting points in interpreting the bars presented in Figure 1 are that (1) four different time periods witha same base year (1973) are represented in the same picture, each time period with a different colour ineach bar set, (2) each factor affecting the change in CO 2 emissions during each time period is presentedin a set of bars, and (3) the sum of all factors equals to the total change in CO 2 emissions from fuelcombustion and is presented in the last set of bars labelled “Total”.470
%India, factors affecting CO 2 emissions6005004003002001000-100-2001973-19801973-19901973-20011973-2007-300-400-500CO2/TPES TPES/FEC FEC/GDP GDP/POP POP Total CO2changeFigure 1. The effects affecting CO 2 emissions in India during the periods 1973-1980, 1973-1990,1973-2001 and 1973-2007.Identifying the factors behind change in CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion is based on thepartition presented in the following equation:CO2CO2 TPESTPESFECFEC GDPGDP POPPOPwhereCO 2 is carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion;GDP is gross domestic product in real prices;TPES is total primary energy supply (including all fuels and other forms of primary energy, i.e.before the combustion process and transfer and distribution of electricity or heat;FEC is final energy consumption, i.e. consumption of energy carriers such as district heat andelectricity, and fuels used in residential heating and transport;POP is the amount of population.As a result, five different factors contributing to the change in CO 2 emissions are identified in a waythat their sum equals to the total change. For the studied four time periods, all factors are calculated as apercentage of the base year (1973) value. Each bar describes the amount of corresponding factorcontributing to the change in CO 2 emissions during the studied time period.The first factor, CO 2 /TPES-factor, refers to the contribution of change in CO 2 intensity of theprimary energy supply, which is influenced by switch from one energy form to another. Positive valuesfor this factor in Figure 1 imply a switch from fuels with low carbon content to energy sources withhigher carbon content, e.g. from fuelwood to coal and petroleum products. Negative values would implya decreasing effect to CO 2 emissions due to the opposite switch.The second factor, TPES/FEC-factor refers to the efficiency of the energy transformation system, i.e.efficiency in transforming primary energy into different energy carriers such as electricity or heat. Thiscan be influenced by e.g. switch from fuel use to electricity or vice versa, or technological changes in the471
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Hanna Lakkala & Jarmo Vehmas (edito
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CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..............
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Implementation of Total responsibil
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In addition, an expert panel chaire
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GROUPING AND RANKING THE EU-27 COUN
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objects, i.e. countries. The city b
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Motorization rate (number of cars/
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Cluster 7: Italy, SpainAs can be un
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The northwestern European cluster i
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ReferencesEurostat (2011) Eurostat
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The authors applied both the SUMMA
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3.1. SUMMA examplesEmissions are a
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sector not in the paid work sector
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sustainability. While non-use and e
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Figure 5.Fund-Flow analysis of Scot
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examination concern e.g. dispersal
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These interlinked themes strongly a
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Social sustainabilitySocial sustain
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Economic sustainabilityThe existenc
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Public transport is efficient (supp
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SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BI
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1. Introduction and BackgroundThe d
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3. Case StudiesTwo alternative scen
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(methodological, spatial and time-s
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Comparing with energy uses in Campa
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ESI 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14% Renewable
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Kamm, B. - Kamm, M. (2004) Principl
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It is possible to identify five pre
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Case study applicationThe Cairngorm
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The language and terminology used b
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utility of MUSIASEM were less varie
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Our findings illustrate that relati
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McNie, E. C. 2007, "Reconciling the
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1. IntroductionRomania is a country
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Figure 2.The Manufacture sector has
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Figure 5.Between 2002 and 2006, Ele
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The database of net taxes on produc
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Serbanescu, I., 2007. Romania Under
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flows such as the residuals of prod
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Consumption (TMC) is a deriavite of
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6. Imported and Exported Material F
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points of view means that the use o
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TRENDS AND DRIVING FACTORS IN FINNI
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Figure 1.The interlinking of the fr
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Figure 3. The removal of total andc
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200150100500-50CO2FI/FECFIFECFI/VAF
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ReferencesBraczyk, P.H.J., Cooke, P
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“JUST BEGIN”A CASE STUDY IN CRE
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2. Materials and MethodsThe role of
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everyone some share in the land’s
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allowing for winter grazing and car
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Useful PrinciplesAn especially impo
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This approach necessarily has major
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POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE LEAST DE
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made interviews in a village that h
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was put on projects predominantly f
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(discussed in more detail in follow
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4. Solar Home System Program in Lao
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micro hydro has not received that m
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And the role of smaller scale solut
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has become in discourse level the m
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ReferencesBerliant, Leslie (2009) W
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DEVELOPING TIBET INTO A SPECIAL SUS
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are just a curiosity for festivals
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Environmental sustainabilityEnviron
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and towns under the reservoir. Howe
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ailways, airports and townships for
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(3) social needs: good relations an
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COPENHAGEN FAILURE AND NORTH-SOUTHD
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”whoever defines the terms of the
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Blair makes a division between deve
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Issue 3: Action suggestionsOne of t
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change as a serious problem and und
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aspects. Through the scrutiny of le
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50 000 ha are currently irrigated.
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Table 2.The main pieces of legislat
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Table 3.The main policy documents o
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However, the Zambian laws on sanita
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State House (2009). Updated on 16th
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Forum 2009). As agriculture is the
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2005; Levy and Newell 2002). These
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The virtual water ‘flows’ embed
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value given to the other members of
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countries of operation, promoting m
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Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., (2
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1723. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
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guarantee the consumer’s opportun
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3. Growth of GDP doesn’t guarante
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Veblen’s observation on the inter
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overriding of the ‘interference o
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consumption has no centre point (or
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Habermas, J., 1968. Erkenntnis und
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2010). However, people who prioriti
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Table 2.Operationalizing of attitud
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material intensity, which is driven
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225 cases of serious illness per te
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instance, to tax labor in the frame
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Anderson, A., Harris, T., Tylavsky,
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Heiskala, R. (2000). Toiminta, tapa
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Rauh, V., Arunajadai, S., Horton, M
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MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CONSUMPTION- TW
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possibilities to participate in the
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udgets were mostly selected by expe
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Figure 1.Material footprint of the
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eference budgets. A reduction in li
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Schmidt-Bleek,F. (2009) The Earth:
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A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR LIFE CYC
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Geels notes that for transitions to
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Hafkamp (2002), working from the ec
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4.1. LCT based analysis as a test f
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effect, this image establishes a vi
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management strategies, it has been
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5.2.3. Subsidiarity: Level of imple
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Council Directive. 2008. 2008/98/EC
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LAND USE FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION -
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Economic: part of the technical pot
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local food production system. Conse
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As can be seen from the graph above
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ReferencesBerndes G, Hoogwijk M, va
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DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE
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Figure 1.Dynamic and Folding Field
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esponses to an array of possible em
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Leadership and institutionsThe SEQC
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not preferable. Scenario 4: Transfo
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Figure 2.Practical responses across
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Wilber, Ken. 2001. A Theory of Ever
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2. Background and LiteratureSustain
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about environmental challenges. Sco
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interconnectedness of globalization
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ConclusionThe analysis of the data
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ReferencesAgenda 21, Chapter 36. Th
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2. Theory and LiteratureTo achieve
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There probably are professional dif
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design fields, 2 from economics and
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out. While there are some necessary
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J. (Eds.) Proceedings of LeNS Confe
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INNOVATIVE FISCAL POLICY IN THE CON
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3. A concept of innovative fiscal p
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transfers, and social contributions
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Although Finland can be ranked into
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which induced lower tax revenues -
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panacea; furthermore, unlegislated
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ReferencesAfonso, A. - Hauptmeier,
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In this paper are presented some fi
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The baseline scenario for 2011-2012
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Indirect effects: the increased wei
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AcknowledgementsThis paper was supp
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e added to the domestic hidden econ
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case when all household are involve
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(from 70.8% in 1997 to 63.1% in 200
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Appendix 1Shares of informal income
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H2 Estimations under the hypotheses
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1999). In this analysis the Finnish
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warming, growing environmental burd
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aggregate indicator. It is by no me
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Diefenbacher, H. 1994. The index of
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3147. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
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themselves - both in day-to-day bus
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3. How do we arrive at big picture?
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Figure 3.Pillars of sustainability
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That communication, networking, and
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companies already consider the sust
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1. IntroductionCompanies leading in
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Figure 1.Sources of InnovationExami
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penetration of disruptive innovatio
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introduced by Canon which eventuall
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Scenario 4 - Disruptive Era: This i
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Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J. P. 200
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1. IntroductionTotal Quality manage
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Waddock and Graves, 1997). Neverthe
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organizations to discover and creat
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undertaken to pursue a sustainable
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and ways to enhance and effectively
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Waddock, SA & Graves, SB 1997. ‘T
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the company and its stakeholders. O
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persons. About 30% of the shares ar
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working groups and board of directo
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sustainability webpages and press r
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Näsi, Juha (1995) What is stakehol
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the indirect and inter-stakeholder
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In June 2005, the presidents of Uru
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examine the stakeholder relationshi
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Union expressed its’ support to t
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The analysis of this case illustrat
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Meyer, K. E., Mudambi, R. & Narula,
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(Vandenbergh 2007; McBarnet and Kur
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Finally, enforceability is another
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3.2. OverviewThe legal scholarship
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law, transnational private regulati
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The SA8000, a certification based s
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As the analyzed literature shows, t
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Shaffer, G. and Pollack, M.A.., 201
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documents and to correct the disclo
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2.2. The EU CSR disclosure regimeSi
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The decision laid down the path for
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2011). More fundamental criticisms
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espect of the materiality of CSR re
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unexpected side effects as well. As
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HEITZMAN, S., WASLEY, C. E. & ZIMME
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4008. FUTURES METHODS
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1. IntroductionThe Finnish society
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Figure 2.An analysis on effectivene
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In the following the scenarios are
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Development corresponds closest to
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD CARDS AND
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infrastructure sector. Thus, the ne
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consulted the right experts or if w
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Tampere area and Lapin Kansa is pub
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Here are just a few examples of the
Page 420 and 421: transparent decision-making. If pol
Page 422 and 423: Local and Regional Authorities.http
Page 424 and 425: DELPHI ON TRANSPORT AND CO 2 EMISSI
Page 426 and 427: which had offered little informatio
Page 428 and 429: and sidewalks. The use and ownershi
Page 430 and 431: very slow decrease after the year 2
Page 432 and 433: emissions of the car, and the annua
Page 434 and 435: Finnish Government (2008) Long-term
Page 436 and 437: ANALYSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROA
Page 438 and 439: developed countries but not globall
Page 440 and 441: only are useful in stable condition
Page 442 and 443: analysis and literature survey form
Page 444 and 445: However, the survey did not give in
Page 446 and 447: DETR (1999) Sustainable distributio
Page 448 and 449: complex and systematic understandin
Page 450 and 451: The structure and aims of the paper
Page 452 and 453: Table 1.Steps of the ANT-derived me
Page 454 and 455: After the first iteration the impor
Page 456 and 457: in the real world? Since the lack o
Page 458 and 459: SMALL STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRAN
Page 460 and 461: Quantitative content analysis was p
Page 462 and 463: general, attitudes towards car tax
Page 464 and 465: Future orientation of the discussio
Page 466 and 467: public, there were little possibili
Page 468 and 469: 46810. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
Page 472 and 473: fuel combustion. Positive values fo
Page 474 and 475: We analyse the changes in the count
Page 476 and 477: 200180160140120100806040200Activity
Page 478 and 479: has had considerable impact on CO 2
Page 480 and 481: The structural decomposition analys
Page 482 and 483: Intensity effect on Final Energy Co
Page 484 and 485: %China, factors affecting CO 2 emis
Page 486 and 487: 4. ConclusionsThe decomposition ana
Page 488 and 489: MICROALGAE AS A BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK:
Page 490 and 491: are dominating the international ag
Page 492 and 493: 3.1.3. BiodiversityBiodiversity is
Page 494 and 495: Moreover, people attach more and mo
Page 496 and 497: important role in tackling with or
Page 498 and 499: Spolaore P., Joannis C. C., Duran E
Page 500 and 501: DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONSK.
Page 502 and 503: disciplines and socialised in diffe
Page 504 and 505: 5. Corporate contextKSB is a medium
Page 506 and 507: Most important, BOS does not touch
Page 508 and 509: ongoing or expected changes in the
Page 510 and 511: 1Idea andevaluation2Clarif. ofobjec
Page 512 and 513: Arthur. 2009. The Nature of Technol
Page 514 and 515: SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS IN DESIGN
Page 516 and 517: Figure 1.Left: The various roles of
Page 518 and 519: longer product centred. It is widel
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the competence to help develop dema
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Figure 4.Survey framework: Dimensio
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gap. In our survey, the lack of con
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SUSTAINABILITY AND INDUSTRIAL DESIG
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“memories of the future” that e
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that it is quite common for compani
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3. How will sustainability change:
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e sensitive to sustainability as th
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Industrial Designers Society of Ame
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