trends and future of sustainable development - TransEco

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Hafkamp (2002), working from the economics of conventions, also detailed two such transitions atthe European level (based on case studies from Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Greece).The first, from the ‘old’ regime based on the protection of public health, from the mid 19 th century to theend of the 1960s, and the second, an emerging ‘new’ regime based on prevention and closed materialcycles, from the early 1970 to the end of the 1990s.These authors note that European waste management may be on the cusp of a new transition,indicated by events that have occurred during the late 1990s/early 2000s. For instance, less formalinvolvement by governments at the national level (Parto et al. 2007), friction between member stateregimes (Hafkamp 2002) and the changing perception of waste.3.2. Changes in institutions/conventions responsible for change in wastemanagement regimesBoth transition theory and the economics of conventions look to explain regime change through thechange in the existing structure of rule/institutions/conventions which guide individual and collectiveaction. Parto et al (2007) use institutions (behavioural, cognitive, associative, regulative andconstitutive) to understand a series of innovations in the Dutch waste system. Hafkamp (2002)identified several conventional principles of the ‘old’ waste management regime, namely: “themunicipality collects the waste; disposal without risk to public health; costs borne by households andbusinesses (user pays); household and business obligated to participate; and the municipalityobligated to receive all waste supplied for disposal” (Hafkamp 2002:12). The ‘new’ regime involved ashift of conventional principles in the waste management regime. The conventional principles at theheart of this regime include: the prevention principle, precautionary principle, polluter pays principle(extended producer responsibility), free trade principle, principle of subsidiarity, proximity principle,and the valorisation principle (operationalised as the waste hierarchy) (Buclet et al. 2002), see Figure 1.Whilst these principles are common at the European level, it is their institutional articulation intopolitical objectives which leads to the variation of technological trajectories of national wastemanagement regimes.218
Conventional Principles:• Prevention principle• Precautionary principle,• Polluter pays principle (extended producer responsibility),• Free trade principle• Principle of subsidiarity,• Proximity principle,• Valorisation principle (operationalised as the waste hierarchy)Goal:• Protection of human health• Protection of the environment• Sustainable use of natural resourcesTransitionConventional Principles:• Municipality collects waste• Disposal without risk to public health• Costs borne by households and businesses(user pays)• Household and business obligated toparticipate• Municipality obligated to receive all wastesupplied for disposalTransition 2Goal:• Protection of human health• Protection of the environment• Management of natural resourcesTransition 3 ?Goal:• Protection of human healthTransition 1Pre-1900 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010TimeFigure 1. European Waste Management Transitions (Adapted from Parto et al. (2007))4. Life cycle thinking and the waste hierarchy – The current approachAt a strategic level, the life cycle approach is commonly operationalised through LCA and applied in adefinitive role to provide an authoritative justification for decision making (Heiskanen 1999). LCA ispredominantly applied to waste management in a comparative capacity, whether it be the comparison ofwaste treatment technologies, the comparison of competing waste management strategies (including anew strategy verse the status quo) or the comparison of policy instruments (e.g., incineration taxes).A prominent example of this comparative application is the Waste Framework Directive (WFD)where LCT is applied in relation to the waste hierarchy:“The following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention andmanagement legislation and policy: (a) prevention; (b) preparing for re-use; (c) recycling;(d) other recovery, e.g. energy recovery; and (e) disposal.This may require specific waste streams departing from the hierarchy where thisis justified by life-cycle thinking on the overall impacts of the generation andmanagement of such waste.” (Emphasis added) (Council Directive 2008).In this case, life cycle knowledge based on information from LCAs, both from individual studies orcollective knowledge built upon numerous previous studies, may be used as a test for the departure ofwaste streams from the waste hierarchy. Figure 2 illustrates the current use of LCT in the WFD - anapproach used to deviate from the waste hierarchy when life cycle based assessment shows the wastehierarchy not to be valid.219
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Hanna Lakkala & Jarmo Vehmas (edito
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CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..............
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Implementation of Total responsibil
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In addition, an expert panel chaire
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GROUPING AND RANKING THE EU-27 COUN
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objects, i.e. countries. The city b
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Motorization rate (number of cars/
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Cluster 7: Italy, SpainAs can be un
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The northwestern European cluster i
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ReferencesEurostat (2011) Eurostat
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The authors applied both the SUMMA
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3.1. SUMMA examplesEmissions are a
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sector not in the paid work sector
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sustainability. While non-use and e
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Figure 5.Fund-Flow analysis of Scot
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examination concern e.g. dispersal
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These interlinked themes strongly a
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Social sustainabilitySocial sustain
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Economic sustainabilityThe existenc
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Public transport is efficient (supp
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SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BI
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1. Introduction and BackgroundThe d
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3. Case StudiesTwo alternative scen
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(methodological, spatial and time-s
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Comparing with energy uses in Campa
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ESI 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14% Renewable
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Kamm, B. - Kamm, M. (2004) Principl
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It is possible to identify five pre
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Case study applicationThe Cairngorm
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The language and terminology used b
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utility of MUSIASEM were less varie
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Our findings illustrate that relati
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McNie, E. C. 2007, "Reconciling the
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1. IntroductionRomania is a country
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Figure 2.The Manufacture sector has
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Figure 5.Between 2002 and 2006, Ele
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The database of net taxes on produc
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Serbanescu, I., 2007. Romania Under
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flows such as the residuals of prod
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Consumption (TMC) is a deriavite of
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6. Imported and Exported Material F
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points of view means that the use o
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TRENDS AND DRIVING FACTORS IN FINNI
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Figure 1.The interlinking of the fr
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Figure 3. The removal of total andc
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200150100500-50CO2FI/FECFIFECFI/VAF
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ReferencesBraczyk, P.H.J., Cooke, P
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“JUST BEGIN”A CASE STUDY IN CRE
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2. Materials and MethodsThe role of
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everyone some share in the land’s
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allowing for winter grazing and car
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Useful PrinciplesAn especially impo
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This approach necessarily has major
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POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE LEAST DE
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made interviews in a village that h
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was put on projects predominantly f
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(discussed in more detail in follow
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4. Solar Home System Program in Lao
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micro hydro has not received that m
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And the role of smaller scale solut
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has become in discourse level the m
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ReferencesBerliant, Leslie (2009) W
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DEVELOPING TIBET INTO A SPECIAL SUS
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are just a curiosity for festivals
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Environmental sustainabilityEnviron
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and towns under the reservoir. Howe
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ailways, airports and townships for
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(3) social needs: good relations an
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COPENHAGEN FAILURE AND NORTH-SOUTHD
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”whoever defines the terms of the
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Blair makes a division between deve
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Issue 3: Action suggestionsOne of t
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change as a serious problem and und
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aspects. Through the scrutiny of le
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50 000 ha are currently irrigated.
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Table 2.The main pieces of legislat
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Table 3.The main policy documents o
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However, the Zambian laws on sanita
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State House (2009). Updated on 16th
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Forum 2009). As agriculture is the
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2005; Levy and Newell 2002). These
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The virtual water ‘flows’ embed
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value given to the other members of
Page 168 and 169: countries of operation, promoting m
Page 170 and 171: Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., (2
Page 172 and 173: 1723. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
Page 174 and 175: guarantee the consumer’s opportun
Page 176 and 177: 3. Growth of GDP doesn’t guarante
Page 178 and 179: Veblen’s observation on the inter
Page 180 and 181: overriding of the ‘interference o
Page 182 and 183: consumption has no centre point (or
Page 184 and 185: Habermas, J., 1968. Erkenntnis und
Page 186 and 187: 2010). However, people who prioriti
Page 188 and 189: Table 2.Operationalizing of attitud
Page 190 and 191: material intensity, which is driven
Page 192 and 193: 225 cases of serious illness per te
Page 194 and 195: instance, to tax labor in the frame
Page 196 and 197: Anderson, A., Harris, T., Tylavsky,
Page 198 and 199: Heiskala, R. (2000). Toiminta, tapa
Page 200 and 201: Rauh, V., Arunajadai, S., Horton, M
Page 202 and 203: MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CONSUMPTION- TW
Page 204 and 205: possibilities to participate in the
Page 206 and 207: udgets were mostly selected by expe
Page 208 and 209: Figure 1.Material footprint of the
Page 210 and 211: eference budgets. A reduction in li
Page 212 and 213: Schmidt-Bleek,F. (2009) The Earth:
Page 214 and 215: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR LIFE CYC
Page 216 and 217: Geels notes that for transitions to
Page 220 and 221: 4.1. LCT based analysis as a test f
Page 222 and 223: effect, this image establishes a vi
Page 224 and 225: management strategies, it has been
Page 226 and 227: 5.2.3. Subsidiarity: Level of imple
Page 228 and 229: Council Directive. 2008. 2008/98/EC
Page 230 and 231: LAND USE FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION -
Page 232 and 233: Economic: part of the technical pot
Page 234 and 235: local food production system. Conse
Page 236 and 237: As can be seen from the graph above
Page 238 and 239: ReferencesBerndes G, Hoogwijk M, va
Page 240 and 241: DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE
Page 242 and 243: Figure 1.Dynamic and Folding Field
Page 244 and 245: esponses to an array of possible em
Page 246 and 247: Leadership and institutionsThe SEQC
Page 248 and 249: not preferable. Scenario 4: Transfo
Page 250 and 251: Figure 2.Practical responses across
Page 252 and 253: Wilber, Ken. 2001. A Theory of Ever
Page 254 and 255: 2. Background and LiteratureSustain
Page 256 and 257: about environmental challenges. Sco
Page 258 and 259: interconnectedness of globalization
Page 260 and 261: ConclusionThe analysis of the data
Page 262 and 263: ReferencesAgenda 21, Chapter 36. Th
Page 264 and 265: 2. Theory and LiteratureTo achieve
Page 266 and 267: There probably are professional dif
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design fields, 2 from economics and
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out. While there are some necessary
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J. (Eds.) Proceedings of LeNS Confe
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INNOVATIVE FISCAL POLICY IN THE CON
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3. A concept of innovative fiscal p
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transfers, and social contributions
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Although Finland can be ranked into
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which induced lower tax revenues -
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panacea; furthermore, unlegislated
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ReferencesAfonso, A. - Hauptmeier,
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In this paper are presented some fi
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The baseline scenario for 2011-2012
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Indirect effects: the increased wei
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AcknowledgementsThis paper was supp
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e added to the domestic hidden econ
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case when all household are involve
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(from 70.8% in 1997 to 63.1% in 200
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Appendix 1Shares of informal income
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H2 Estimations under the hypotheses
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1999). In this analysis the Finnish
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warming, growing environmental burd
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aggregate indicator. It is by no me
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Diefenbacher, H. 1994. The index of
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3147. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
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themselves - both in day-to-day bus
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3. How do we arrive at big picture?
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Figure 3.Pillars of sustainability
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That communication, networking, and
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companies already consider the sust
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1. IntroductionCompanies leading in
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Figure 1.Sources of InnovationExami
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penetration of disruptive innovatio
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introduced by Canon which eventuall
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Scenario 4 - Disruptive Era: This i
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Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J. P. 200
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1. IntroductionTotal Quality manage
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Waddock and Graves, 1997). Neverthe
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organizations to discover and creat
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undertaken to pursue a sustainable
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and ways to enhance and effectively
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Waddock, SA & Graves, SB 1997. ‘T
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the company and its stakeholders. O
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persons. About 30% of the shares ar
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working groups and board of directo
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sustainability webpages and press r
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Näsi, Juha (1995) What is stakehol
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the indirect and inter-stakeholder
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In June 2005, the presidents of Uru
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examine the stakeholder relationshi
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Union expressed its’ support to t
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The analysis of this case illustrat
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Meyer, K. E., Mudambi, R. & Narula,
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(Vandenbergh 2007; McBarnet and Kur
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Finally, enforceability is another
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3.2. OverviewThe legal scholarship
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law, transnational private regulati
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The SA8000, a certification based s
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As the analyzed literature shows, t
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Shaffer, G. and Pollack, M.A.., 201
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documents and to correct the disclo
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2.2. The EU CSR disclosure regimeSi
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The decision laid down the path for
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2011). More fundamental criticisms
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espect of the materiality of CSR re
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unexpected side effects as well. As
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HEITZMAN, S., WASLEY, C. E. & ZIMME
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4008. FUTURES METHODS
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1. IntroductionThe Finnish society
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Figure 2.An analysis on effectivene
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In the following the scenarios are
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Development corresponds closest to
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD CARDS AND
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infrastructure sector. Thus, the ne
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consulted the right experts or if w
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Tampere area and Lapin Kansa is pub
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Here are just a few examples of the
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transparent decision-making. If pol
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Local and Regional Authorities.http
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DELPHI ON TRANSPORT AND CO 2 EMISSI
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which had offered little informatio
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and sidewalks. The use and ownershi
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very slow decrease after the year 2
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emissions of the car, and the annua
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Finnish Government (2008) Long-term
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ANALYSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROA
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developed countries but not globall
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only are useful in stable condition
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analysis and literature survey form
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However, the survey did not give in
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DETR (1999) Sustainable distributio
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complex and systematic understandin
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The structure and aims of the paper
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Table 1.Steps of the ANT-derived me
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After the first iteration the impor
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in the real world? Since the lack o
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SMALL STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRAN
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Quantitative content analysis was p
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general, attitudes towards car tax
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Future orientation of the discussio
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public, there were little possibili
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46810. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
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meaningful components and compares
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fuel combustion. Positive values fo
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We analyse the changes in the count
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200180160140120100806040200Activity
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has had considerable impact on CO 2
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The structural decomposition analys
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Intensity effect on Final Energy Co
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%China, factors affecting CO 2 emis
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4. ConclusionsThe decomposition ana
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MICROALGAE AS A BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK:
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are dominating the international ag
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3.1.3. BiodiversityBiodiversity is
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Moreover, people attach more and mo
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important role in tackling with or
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Spolaore P., Joannis C. C., Duran E
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DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONSK.
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disciplines and socialised in diffe
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5. Corporate contextKSB is a medium
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Most important, BOS does not touch
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ongoing or expected changes in the
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1Idea andevaluation2Clarif. ofobjec
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Arthur. 2009. The Nature of Technol
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SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS IN DESIGN
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Figure 1.Left: The various roles of
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longer product centred. It is widel
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the competence to help develop dema
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Figure 4.Survey framework: Dimensio
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gap. In our survey, the lack of con
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SUSTAINABILITY AND INDUSTRIAL DESIG
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“memories of the future” that e
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that it is quite common for compani
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3. How will sustainability change:
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e sensitive to sustainability as th
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Industrial Designers Society of Ame
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