trends and future of sustainable development - TransEco

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ESI 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14% Renewable 2% 2% 11% 11%Climate changeGlobal warming (g CO2-equiv/g) 2.33 0.19 1.24 0.55Global warming (g CO2-equiv/J) 6.40E-05 2.36E-05 3.30E-05 3.30E-05Global warming (g CO2-equiv/€) 2.59E+03 2.59E+03 1.58E+03 5.21E+03Acidification (g SO2/g) 9.12E-03 7.57E-04 3.92E-03 1.73E-03Acidification (g SO2/J) 2.50E-07 9.24E-08 1.05E-07 1.05E-07Acidification (g SO2/€) 10.10 10.10 5.00 16.50Eutrophication (g PO4/g) 8.91E-04 7.40E-05 4.10E-04 1.82E-04Eutrophication (g PO4/J) 2.45E-08 9.03E-09 1.09E-08 1.09E-085. Discussion and ConclusionsThe energy and environmental performance of bioenergy (biodiesel and heat) production chain from B.carinata was found to be hardly suitable at the level of Campania regional agriculture, due to the factthat the economic cost of the whole process exceeds the value of the saved fossil fuels, even if heat fromcombustion of straw and oilseed cake meals are accounted for in addition to the biodiesel production.Results show that the net profit is very small in energy terms and that there is no profit at all ineconomic terms. Instead, if agricultural residues are exploited for the extraction of chemical buildingblocks, such as ethyl levulinate and formic acid, both the energy and the economic balances areimproved, due to the high added value of biochemicals. In the biorefinery case, biofuels result to be lessaffected by economic unfeasibility: if residues are considered as still useful substrates, the viability of abio-based process increases. Furthermore, by converting waste and residues (also from foodmanufacturing industry and urban systems) into value added chemicals, combustion and landfilling areavoided and additional energy, economic and environmental burdens are prevented, making the benefitfrom the biorefinery line even larger. The entire utilization of agricultural residues in order to extractboth bioenergy and bioproducts within a biorefinery concept definitely improves the environmental andeconomic performance of bio-based feedstocks. The biorefinery option, in fact, takes advantage of thelargest market value of biomaterials and of the need for proper disposal of agricultural and agroindustrialresidues. Nevertheless, it is still dependent on fossil fuel inputs and therefore not easilydecoupled by the trade-off of economic costs, energy demand and land availability. The economicfeasibility is thus driven by the still low fossil energy cost as well as by the inclusion as credits of thesavings generated by having identified a profitable alternative to agro-industrial waste disposal. Toavoid, or at least decrease, the fossil fuels dependence, the production process needs to be redesignedthrough a major integration among different steps, minimizing transportation expenses and exploitingthe locally available resources (bio-fertilizers, additional residues, potential users of the products).52
AcknowledgementThe Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the European Commissionwithin the 7th Framework Program, Project no.217213, SMILE - Synergies in Multi-scale Inter-Linkagesof Eco-social systems. Socioeconomic Sciences and Humanities (SSH) Collaborative Project FP7-SSH-2007-1.ReferencesARPAC - Agenzia Regionale Protezione Ambientale Campania (2008) Siti contaminati in Campania.http://www.arpacampania.it/dett2_pubblicazione.asp?id_sez=8&id=1327&id_area= (in Italian).Bargigli, S. - Raugei, M. - Ulgiati, S. (2004) Mass flow analysis and mass-based indicators. Handbook ofEcological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health. CRC Press.Bengtsson, M. - Carlson, R. - Molander, S. - Steen, B. (1998) An approach for handling geographicalinformation in life cycle assessment using a relational database. Journal of Hazardous Materials,61(1–3), 67–75.Brown, M.T. - Ulgiati, S. (2004) Energy quality, emergy, and transformity: H.T. Odum’s contributions toquantifying and understanding systems. Ecological Modelling, 178(1-2), 201-213.Brown, M.T. - Protano, G. - Ulgiati, S. (2011) Assessing Geobiosphere Work of Generating GlobalReserves of Coal, Crude Oil, and Natural Gas. Ecological Modelling, 222(3), 879-887.De Mastro, G. - Grassano, N. - Tedone, L. - Verdini, L. - Lazzeri, L. - D’Avino, L. (2009) Le Agroenergiein Puglia: potenzialità e prospettive - parte seconda. Esperienze pilota a sostegno dello sviluppodella filiere agro-energetiche in Puglia (in Italian).EC (2004) Towards a European knowledge-based bioeconomy – workshop conclusions on the use ofplant biotechnology for the production of industrial biobased products. EUR 21459. EuropeanCommission, Directorate General for Research. Brussels, Belgium.http://ec.europa.eu/research/agriculture/library_en.htm.EPOBIO (2007) Realising the Economic Potential of Sustainable Resources - Bioproducts from non foodcrops. http://epobio.net/epobio.htm.Fahd, S. - Mellino, S. - Ulgiati, S. (Pimentel, D. eds.) (2010) Energy Cropping in Marginal Land: ViableOption or Fairie Tale? Global Economic and Environmental Aspects of Biofuels. Taylor andFrancis Publisher. In press.Fahd, S. - Fiorentino, G. - Mellino, S. - Ulgiati, S. (2011) Cropping Bioenergy and Biomaterials. An LCAAssessment of Biorefinery in Marginal Land. Submitted to Energy.Fair Final Report (2000) Brassica carinata: the outset of a new crop for biomass and industrial nonfoodoil. Fair EU Project, agriculture and fisheries (including Agro-industry, food technologies,forestry, aquaculture and rural Development), Fourth Framework Programme.Hayes, D. - Fitzpatrick, S.W. - Hayes, M.H.B. - Ross, J.R.H. ( Kamm, B. - Gruber, V.R. - Kamm M. eds.)(2005) The Biofine Process: Production of levulinic acid, furfural and formic acid fromlignocellulosic feedstocks. Biorefineries, Volume 1, Principles and Fundamentals. Wiley-VCH.Herendeen, R. (Ulgiati, S. - Brown, M.T. - Giampietro, M. - Herendeen, R.A. - Mayumi, K. eds.) (1998)Embodied Energy, embodied everything...now what? Advances in Energy Studies. Energy Flowsin Ecology and Economy. Musis Publisher, Roma (Italy).Hinterberger, F. - Stiller, H. (1998) Energy and Material Flows. Book of Proceedings of the 1 stInternational Workshop Advances in Energy Studies. Energy Flows in Ecology and Economy.Musis Publisher, Roma (Italy).Jäppinen, E. - Karttunen, K. - Ranta, T. (2008) Geographical Information System (GIS) and Life CycleAssessment (LCA) methods combined for evaluation of biomass supply chain. Book of Proceedingsof the 16 th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition, Valencia (Spain).53
Page 1 and 2: Hanna Lakkala & Jarmo Vehmas (edito
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..............
Page 5 and 6: Implementation of Total responsibil
Page 7 and 8: In addition, an expert panel chaire
Page 9 and 10: GROUPING AND RANKING THE EU-27 COUN
Page 11 and 12: objects, i.e. countries. The city b
Page 13 and 14: Motorization rate (number of cars/
Page 15 and 16: Cluster 7: Italy, SpainAs can be un
Page 17 and 18: The northwestern European cluster i
Page 20 and 21: ReferencesEurostat (2011) Eurostat
Page 22 and 23: The authors applied both the SUMMA
Page 24 and 25: 3.1. SUMMA examplesEmissions are a
Page 26 and 27: sector not in the paid work sector
Page 28 and 29: sustainability. While non-use and e
Page 30 and 31: Figure 5.Fund-Flow analysis of Scot
Page 32 and 33: examination concern e.g. dispersal
Page 34 and 35: These interlinked themes strongly a
Page 36 and 37: Social sustainabilitySocial sustain
Page 38 and 39: Economic sustainabilityThe existenc
Page 40 and 41: Public transport is efficient (supp
Page 42 and 43: SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BI
Page 44 and 45: 1. Introduction and BackgroundThe d
Page 46 and 47: 3. Case StudiesTwo alternative scen
Page 48 and 49: (methodological, spatial and time-s
Page 50 and 51: Comparing with energy uses in Campa
Page 54 and 55: Kamm, B. - Kamm, M. (2004) Principl
Page 56 and 57: It is possible to identify five pre
Page 58 and 59: Case study applicationThe Cairngorm
Page 60 and 61: The language and terminology used b
Page 62 and 63: utility of MUSIASEM were less varie
Page 64 and 65: Our findings illustrate that relati
Page 66 and 67: McNie, E. C. 2007, "Reconciling the
Page 68 and 69: 1. IntroductionRomania is a country
Page 70 and 71: Figure 2.The Manufacture sector has
Page 72 and 73: Figure 5.Between 2002 and 2006, Ele
Page 74 and 75: The database of net taxes on produc
Page 76 and 77: Serbanescu, I., 2007. Romania Under
Page 78 and 79: flows such as the residuals of prod
Page 80 and 81: Consumption (TMC) is a deriavite of
Page 82 and 83: 6. Imported and Exported Material F
Page 84 and 85: points of view means that the use o
Page 86 and 87: TRENDS AND DRIVING FACTORS IN FINNI
Page 88 and 89: Figure 1.The interlinking of the fr
Page 90 and 91: Figure 3. The removal of total andc
Page 92 and 93: 200150100500-50CO2FI/FECFIFECFI/VAF
Page 94 and 95: ReferencesBraczyk, P.H.J., Cooke, P
Page 96 and 97: “JUST BEGIN”A CASE STUDY IN CRE
Page 98 and 99: 2. Materials and MethodsThe role of
Page 100 and 101: everyone some share in the land’s
Page 102 and 103:
allowing for winter grazing and car
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Useful PrinciplesAn especially impo
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This approach necessarily has major
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POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE LEAST DE
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made interviews in a village that h
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was put on projects predominantly f
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(discussed in more detail in follow
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4. Solar Home System Program in Lao
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micro hydro has not received that m
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And the role of smaller scale solut
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has become in discourse level the m
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ReferencesBerliant, Leslie (2009) W
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DEVELOPING TIBET INTO A SPECIAL SUS
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are just a curiosity for festivals
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Environmental sustainabilityEnviron
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and towns under the reservoir. Howe
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ailways, airports and townships for
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(3) social needs: good relations an
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COPENHAGEN FAILURE AND NORTH-SOUTHD
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”whoever defines the terms of the
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Blair makes a division between deve
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Issue 3: Action suggestionsOne of t
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change as a serious problem and und
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aspects. Through the scrutiny of le
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50 000 ha are currently irrigated.
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Table 2.The main pieces of legislat
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Table 3.The main policy documents o
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However, the Zambian laws on sanita
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State House (2009). Updated on 16th
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Forum 2009). As agriculture is the
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2005; Levy and Newell 2002). These
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The virtual water ‘flows’ embed
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value given to the other members of
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countries of operation, promoting m
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Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., (2
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1723. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
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guarantee the consumer’s opportun
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3. Growth of GDP doesn’t guarante
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Veblen’s observation on the inter
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overriding of the ‘interference o
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consumption has no centre point (or
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Habermas, J., 1968. Erkenntnis und
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2010). However, people who prioriti
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Table 2.Operationalizing of attitud
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material intensity, which is driven
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225 cases of serious illness per te
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instance, to tax labor in the frame
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Anderson, A., Harris, T., Tylavsky,
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Heiskala, R. (2000). Toiminta, tapa
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Rauh, V., Arunajadai, S., Horton, M
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MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CONSUMPTION- TW
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possibilities to participate in the
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udgets were mostly selected by expe
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Figure 1.Material footprint of the
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eference budgets. A reduction in li
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Schmidt-Bleek,F. (2009) The Earth:
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A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR LIFE CYC
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Geels notes that for transitions to
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Hafkamp (2002), working from the ec
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4.1. LCT based analysis as a test f
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effect, this image establishes a vi
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management strategies, it has been
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5.2.3. Subsidiarity: Level of imple
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Council Directive. 2008. 2008/98/EC
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LAND USE FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION -
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Economic: part of the technical pot
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local food production system. Conse
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As can be seen from the graph above
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ReferencesBerndes G, Hoogwijk M, va
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DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE
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Figure 1.Dynamic and Folding Field
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esponses to an array of possible em
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Leadership and institutionsThe SEQC
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not preferable. Scenario 4: Transfo
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Figure 2.Practical responses across
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Wilber, Ken. 2001. A Theory of Ever
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2. Background and LiteratureSustain
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about environmental challenges. Sco
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interconnectedness of globalization
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ConclusionThe analysis of the data
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ReferencesAgenda 21, Chapter 36. Th
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2. Theory and LiteratureTo achieve
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There probably are professional dif
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design fields, 2 from economics and
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out. While there are some necessary
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J. (Eds.) Proceedings of LeNS Confe
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INNOVATIVE FISCAL POLICY IN THE CON
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3. A concept of innovative fiscal p
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transfers, and social contributions
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Although Finland can be ranked into
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which induced lower tax revenues -
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panacea; furthermore, unlegislated
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ReferencesAfonso, A. - Hauptmeier,
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In this paper are presented some fi
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The baseline scenario for 2011-2012
Page 292 and 293:
Indirect effects: the increased wei
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AcknowledgementsThis paper was supp
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e added to the domestic hidden econ
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case when all household are involve
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(from 70.8% in 1997 to 63.1% in 200
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Appendix 1Shares of informal income
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H2 Estimations under the hypotheses
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1999). In this analysis the Finnish
Page 308 and 309:
warming, growing environmental burd
Page 310 and 311:
aggregate indicator. It is by no me
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Diefenbacher, H. 1994. The index of
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3147. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
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themselves - both in day-to-day bus
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3. How do we arrive at big picture?
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Figure 3.Pillars of sustainability
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That communication, networking, and
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companies already consider the sust
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1. IntroductionCompanies leading in
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Figure 1.Sources of InnovationExami
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penetration of disruptive innovatio
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introduced by Canon which eventuall
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Scenario 4 - Disruptive Era: This i
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Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J. P. 200
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1. IntroductionTotal Quality manage
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Waddock and Graves, 1997). Neverthe
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organizations to discover and creat
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undertaken to pursue a sustainable
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and ways to enhance and effectively
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Waddock, SA & Graves, SB 1997. ‘T
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the company and its stakeholders. O
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persons. About 30% of the shares ar
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working groups and board of directo
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sustainability webpages and press r
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Näsi, Juha (1995) What is stakehol
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the indirect and inter-stakeholder
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In June 2005, the presidents of Uru
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examine the stakeholder relationshi
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Union expressed its’ support to t
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The analysis of this case illustrat
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Meyer, K. E., Mudambi, R. & Narula,
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(Vandenbergh 2007; McBarnet and Kur
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Finally, enforceability is another
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3.2. OverviewThe legal scholarship
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law, transnational private regulati
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The SA8000, a certification based s
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As the analyzed literature shows, t
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Shaffer, G. and Pollack, M.A.., 201
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documents and to correct the disclo
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2.2. The EU CSR disclosure regimeSi
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The decision laid down the path for
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2011). More fundamental criticisms
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espect of the materiality of CSR re
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unexpected side effects as well. As
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HEITZMAN, S., WASLEY, C. E. & ZIMME
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4008. FUTURES METHODS
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1. IntroductionThe Finnish society
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Figure 2.An analysis on effectivene
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In the following the scenarios are
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Development corresponds closest to
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD CARDS AND
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infrastructure sector. Thus, the ne
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consulted the right experts or if w
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Tampere area and Lapin Kansa is pub
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Here are just a few examples of the
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transparent decision-making. If pol
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Local and Regional Authorities.http
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DELPHI ON TRANSPORT AND CO 2 EMISSI
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which had offered little informatio
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and sidewalks. The use and ownershi
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very slow decrease after the year 2
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emissions of the car, and the annua
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Finnish Government (2008) Long-term
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ANALYSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROA
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developed countries but not globall
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only are useful in stable condition
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analysis and literature survey form
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However, the survey did not give in
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DETR (1999) Sustainable distributio
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complex and systematic understandin
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The structure and aims of the paper
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Table 1.Steps of the ANT-derived me
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After the first iteration the impor
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in the real world? Since the lack o
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SMALL STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRAN
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Quantitative content analysis was p
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general, attitudes towards car tax
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Future orientation of the discussio
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public, there were little possibili
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46810. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
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meaningful components and compares
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fuel combustion. Positive values fo
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We analyse the changes in the count
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200180160140120100806040200Activity
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has had considerable impact on CO 2
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The structural decomposition analys
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Intensity effect on Final Energy Co
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%China, factors affecting CO 2 emis
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4. ConclusionsThe decomposition ana
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MICROALGAE AS A BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK:
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are dominating the international ag
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3.1.3. BiodiversityBiodiversity is
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Moreover, people attach more and mo
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important role in tackling with or
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Spolaore P., Joannis C. C., Duran E
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DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONSK.
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disciplines and socialised in diffe
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5. Corporate contextKSB is a medium
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Most important, BOS does not touch
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ongoing or expected changes in the
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1Idea andevaluation2Clarif. ofobjec
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Arthur. 2009. The Nature of Technol
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SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS IN DESIGN
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Figure 1.Left: The various roles of
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longer product centred. It is widel
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the competence to help develop dema
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Figure 4.Survey framework: Dimensio
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gap. In our survey, the lack of con
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SUSTAINABILITY AND INDUSTRIAL DESIG
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“memories of the future” that e
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that it is quite common for compani
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3. How will sustainability change:
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e sensitive to sustainability as th
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Industrial Designers Society of Ame
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