trends and future of sustainable development - TransEco

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MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CONSUMPTION– TWO-DIMENSIONAL APPROACH IN DEFINING ADECENT LIFESTYLEMichael Lettenmeier, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy,michael.lettenmeier@wupperinst.orgSatu Lähteenoja, D-mat ltd., satu@d-mat.fiTuuli Hirvilammi, Kela, Research Department, tuuli.hirvilammi@kela.fiKristiina Aalto, National Consumer Research Centre, kristiina.aalto@ncrc.fiSenja Laakso, Helsinki University, Department of Environmental Sciences,senja.laakso@helsinki.fiABSTRACT A decent, or sufficient, lifestyle is largely considered an important objective in terms ofa sustainable future. However, there can be strongly varying definitions of what a decent lifestylemeans. From a socio-economic sustainability point of view, a decent lifestyle can be defined as theminimum level of consumption ensuring an acceptable quality of life. From an ecological sustainabilitypoint of view, a decent lifestyle can be defined as a lifestyle that as a maximum consumes an amount ofnatural resources not exceeding the long-term carrying capacity of nature.The paper presents the natural resource consumption calculated for a number of decent lifestylesdefined by a consumer panel for people of different age and gender. The natural resource consumptionis calculated as material footprint. The results show that the material footprint based on the decentlifestyles is half of that of the average consumer. However, the material footprint is still about threetimes higher than long-term ecological sustainability would require. The paper discusses thisdiscrepancy and suggests steps for making future lifestyles more sustainable.1. IntroductionEnvironmental research about a sustainable future evidently proves that the present level ofconsumption in Western countries is ecologically unsustainable. In order to reach a sustainable level,from the perspective of natural resources consumption, a roughly tenfold decrease is required (e.g.Schmidt-Bleek, 1993; Schmidt-Bleek, 2009). An ecologically sustainable lifestyle consumes naturalresources without exceeding the long-term carrying capacity of nature. In this paper, we call thissustainable consumption level "ecological maximum".202
From a social perspective, an “ecological maximum” needs to ensure a decent lifestyle. Sociallysustainable consumption emphasizes an equal share in natural resources use and a sufficient quality oflife. The environmental concern of limiting the use of natural resources should not lead to an increasingdeprivation or a diminishing quality of life. Thus, an ecological maximum has to meet the requirementsof a socially sustainable minimum consumption or "decent minimum". Decent minimum refers to thesufficient level of resources to fulfil needs, participate in society and ensure human dignity (Bradshaw etal., 2008). Hence, we need to clarify what are the products and services included into a decent minimumand how they meet the limitations of an ecological maximum. We will apply a methodology where bothaspects of decent lifestyle are concerned (see also Druckman and Jackson, 2010).In this study we use the decent minimum reference budgets to assess the amount of naturalresources required to ensure a decent minimum consumption in the present Finnish society. The naturalresource consumption is calculated as material footprint. The results are compared to other studies andto the sustainable level of resource use. The objective of the study is to clarify how close a decentminimum consumption in present Finland is to the maximum ecological limits of consumption? First weshortly discuss the two dimensions of decent lifestyle and different aspects to define the sustainableconsumption level.2. The two dimensions of decent lifestyles2.1. Socio-economical approachIn the consumer society lifestyle is highly connected to consumption patterns, which from their siderepresent individual identities and social status. Consumption is related to social processes, like socialbelonging and individual differentiating and it is one aspect of social stratification. (e.g. Jackson, 2005.)Goods can have various meanings and they are not merely “service-producing machines” but a part ofour cultural and personal identity. When new products enter to the market they become an “inherentpart of society” (Heiskanen and Pantzar, 1997, 425-426).As the consumption patterns change over time and in various social contexts, the understandingabout the socially acceptable consumption differs from other societies with different goods defined asnecessities. To put it simple the “decent minimum” would contain necessities to fulfil physical needs, asdrinking water, food, clothes and shelter. However, in the affluent consumer societies like Finland, thedecent lifestyle refers to a more complex understanding about consumption and necessities. Essentialconsumption has become relative, which makes it more challenging to define. (e.g. Soper 2006.)Delimiting the needs and wants is difficult when consumption possibilities tend to increase. New goodsenter the market all the time. Good examples of such goods are computers and mobile phones, which aretoday necessities in socialising and going on many errands.In this paper a decent lifestyle in socio-economical terms is specified on the basis of the quality,quantity and price of the goods and services required for a decent life. One way to investigate what arethe products and services that are presently regarded as a part of the socially acceptable level of living isthe reference budget. Reference budget shows what kind of minimum level of consumption is required toguarantee enough resources to fulfil the basic needs, ensure a human dignity and offer sufficient203
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Hanna Lakkala & Jarmo Vehmas (edito
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CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..............
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Implementation of Total responsibil
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In addition, an expert panel chaire
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GROUPING AND RANKING THE EU-27 COUN
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objects, i.e. countries. The city b
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Motorization rate (number of cars/
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Cluster 7: Italy, SpainAs can be un
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The northwestern European cluster i
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ReferencesEurostat (2011) Eurostat
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The authors applied both the SUMMA
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3.1. SUMMA examplesEmissions are a
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sector not in the paid work sector
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sustainability. While non-use and e
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Figure 5.Fund-Flow analysis of Scot
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examination concern e.g. dispersal
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These interlinked themes strongly a
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Social sustainabilitySocial sustain
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Economic sustainabilityThe existenc
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Public transport is efficient (supp
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SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BI
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1. Introduction and BackgroundThe d
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3. Case StudiesTwo alternative scen
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(methodological, spatial and time-s
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Comparing with energy uses in Campa
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ESI 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14% Renewable
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Kamm, B. - Kamm, M. (2004) Principl
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It is possible to identify five pre
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Case study applicationThe Cairngorm
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The language and terminology used b
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utility of MUSIASEM were less varie
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Our findings illustrate that relati
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McNie, E. C. 2007, "Reconciling the
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1. IntroductionRomania is a country
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Figure 2.The Manufacture sector has
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Figure 5.Between 2002 and 2006, Ele
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The database of net taxes on produc
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Serbanescu, I., 2007. Romania Under
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flows such as the residuals of prod
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Consumption (TMC) is a deriavite of
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6. Imported and Exported Material F
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points of view means that the use o
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TRENDS AND DRIVING FACTORS IN FINNI
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Figure 1.The interlinking of the fr
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Figure 3. The removal of total andc
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200150100500-50CO2FI/FECFIFECFI/VAF
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ReferencesBraczyk, P.H.J., Cooke, P
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“JUST BEGIN”A CASE STUDY IN CRE
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2. Materials and MethodsThe role of
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everyone some share in the land’s
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allowing for winter grazing and car
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Useful PrinciplesAn especially impo
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This approach necessarily has major
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POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE LEAST DE
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made interviews in a village that h
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was put on projects predominantly f
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(discussed in more detail in follow
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4. Solar Home System Program in Lao
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micro hydro has not received that m
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And the role of smaller scale solut
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has become in discourse level the m
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ReferencesBerliant, Leslie (2009) W
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DEVELOPING TIBET INTO A SPECIAL SUS
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are just a curiosity for festivals
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Environmental sustainabilityEnviron
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and towns under the reservoir. Howe
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ailways, airports and townships for
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(3) social needs: good relations an
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COPENHAGEN FAILURE AND NORTH-SOUTHD
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”whoever defines the terms of the
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Blair makes a division between deve
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Issue 3: Action suggestionsOne of t
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change as a serious problem and und
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aspects. Through the scrutiny of le
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50 000 ha are currently irrigated.
Page 152 and 153: Table 2.The main pieces of legislat
Page 154 and 155: Table 3.The main policy documents o
Page 156 and 157: However, the Zambian laws on sanita
Page 158 and 159: State House (2009). Updated on 16th
Page 160 and 161: Forum 2009). As agriculture is the
Page 162 and 163: 2005; Levy and Newell 2002). These
Page 164 and 165: The virtual water ‘flows’ embed
Page 166 and 167: value given to the other members of
Page 168 and 169: countries of operation, promoting m
Page 170 and 171: Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., (2
Page 172 and 173: 1723. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
Page 174 and 175: guarantee the consumer’s opportun
Page 176 and 177: 3. Growth of GDP doesn’t guarante
Page 178 and 179: Veblen’s observation on the inter
Page 180 and 181: overriding of the ‘interference o
Page 182 and 183: consumption has no centre point (or
Page 184 and 185: Habermas, J., 1968. Erkenntnis und
Page 186 and 187: 2010). However, people who prioriti
Page 188 and 189: Table 2.Operationalizing of attitud
Page 190 and 191: material intensity, which is driven
Page 192 and 193: 225 cases of serious illness per te
Page 194 and 195: instance, to tax labor in the frame
Page 196 and 197: Anderson, A., Harris, T., Tylavsky,
Page 198 and 199: Heiskala, R. (2000). Toiminta, tapa
Page 200 and 201: Rauh, V., Arunajadai, S., Horton, M
Page 204 and 205: possibilities to participate in the
Page 206 and 207: udgets were mostly selected by expe
Page 208 and 209: Figure 1.Material footprint of the
Page 210 and 211: eference budgets. A reduction in li
Page 212 and 213: Schmidt-Bleek,F. (2009) The Earth:
Page 214 and 215: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR LIFE CYC
Page 216 and 217: Geels notes that for transitions to
Page 218 and 219: Hafkamp (2002), working from the ec
Page 220 and 221: 4.1. LCT based analysis as a test f
Page 222 and 223: effect, this image establishes a vi
Page 224 and 225: management strategies, it has been
Page 226 and 227: 5.2.3. Subsidiarity: Level of imple
Page 228 and 229: Council Directive. 2008. 2008/98/EC
Page 230 and 231: LAND USE FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION -
Page 232 and 233: Economic: part of the technical pot
Page 234 and 235: local food production system. Conse
Page 236 and 237: As can be seen from the graph above
Page 238 and 239: ReferencesBerndes G, Hoogwijk M, va
Page 240 and 241: DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE
Page 242 and 243: Figure 1.Dynamic and Folding Field
Page 244 and 245: esponses to an array of possible em
Page 246 and 247: Leadership and institutionsThe SEQC
Page 248 and 249: not preferable. Scenario 4: Transfo
Page 250 and 251: Figure 2.Practical responses across
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Wilber, Ken. 2001. A Theory of Ever
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2. Background and LiteratureSustain
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about environmental challenges. Sco
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interconnectedness of globalization
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ConclusionThe analysis of the data
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ReferencesAgenda 21, Chapter 36. Th
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2. Theory and LiteratureTo achieve
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There probably are professional dif
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design fields, 2 from economics and
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out. While there are some necessary
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J. (Eds.) Proceedings of LeNS Confe
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INNOVATIVE FISCAL POLICY IN THE CON
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3. A concept of innovative fiscal p
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transfers, and social contributions
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Although Finland can be ranked into
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which induced lower tax revenues -
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panacea; furthermore, unlegislated
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ReferencesAfonso, A. - Hauptmeier,
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In this paper are presented some fi
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The baseline scenario for 2011-2012
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Indirect effects: the increased wei
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AcknowledgementsThis paper was supp
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e added to the domestic hidden econ
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case when all household are involve
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(from 70.8% in 1997 to 63.1% in 200
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Appendix 1Shares of informal income
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H2 Estimations under the hypotheses
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1999). In this analysis the Finnish
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warming, growing environmental burd
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aggregate indicator. It is by no me
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Diefenbacher, H. 1994. The index of
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3147. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
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themselves - both in day-to-day bus
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3. How do we arrive at big picture?
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Figure 3.Pillars of sustainability
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That communication, networking, and
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companies already consider the sust
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1. IntroductionCompanies leading in
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Figure 1.Sources of InnovationExami
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penetration of disruptive innovatio
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introduced by Canon which eventuall
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Scenario 4 - Disruptive Era: This i
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Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J. P. 200
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1. IntroductionTotal Quality manage
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Waddock and Graves, 1997). Neverthe
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organizations to discover and creat
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undertaken to pursue a sustainable
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and ways to enhance and effectively
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Waddock, SA & Graves, SB 1997. ‘T
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the company and its stakeholders. O
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persons. About 30% of the shares ar
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working groups and board of directo
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sustainability webpages and press r
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Näsi, Juha (1995) What is stakehol
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the indirect and inter-stakeholder
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In June 2005, the presidents of Uru
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examine the stakeholder relationshi
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Union expressed its’ support to t
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The analysis of this case illustrat
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Meyer, K. E., Mudambi, R. & Narula,
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(Vandenbergh 2007; McBarnet and Kur
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Finally, enforceability is another
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3.2. OverviewThe legal scholarship
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law, transnational private regulati
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The SA8000, a certification based s
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As the analyzed literature shows, t
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Shaffer, G. and Pollack, M.A.., 201
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documents and to correct the disclo
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2.2. The EU CSR disclosure regimeSi
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The decision laid down the path for
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2011). More fundamental criticisms
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espect of the materiality of CSR re
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unexpected side effects as well. As
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HEITZMAN, S., WASLEY, C. E. & ZIMME
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4008. FUTURES METHODS
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1. IntroductionThe Finnish society
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Figure 2.An analysis on effectivene
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In the following the scenarios are
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Development corresponds closest to
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD CARDS AND
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infrastructure sector. Thus, the ne
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consulted the right experts or if w
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Tampere area and Lapin Kansa is pub
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Here are just a few examples of the
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transparent decision-making. If pol
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Local and Regional Authorities.http
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DELPHI ON TRANSPORT AND CO 2 EMISSI
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which had offered little informatio
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and sidewalks. The use and ownershi
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very slow decrease after the year 2
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emissions of the car, and the annua
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Finnish Government (2008) Long-term
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ANALYSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROA
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developed countries but not globall
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only are useful in stable condition
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analysis and literature survey form
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However, the survey did not give in
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DETR (1999) Sustainable distributio
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complex and systematic understandin
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The structure and aims of the paper
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Table 1.Steps of the ANT-derived me
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After the first iteration the impor
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in the real world? Since the lack o
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SMALL STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRAN
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Quantitative content analysis was p
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general, attitudes towards car tax
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Future orientation of the discussio
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public, there were little possibili
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46810. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
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meaningful components and compares
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fuel combustion. Positive values fo
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We analyse the changes in the count
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200180160140120100806040200Activity
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has had considerable impact on CO 2
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The structural decomposition analys
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Intensity effect on Final Energy Co
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%China, factors affecting CO 2 emis
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4. ConclusionsThe decomposition ana
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MICROALGAE AS A BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK:
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are dominating the international ag
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3.1.3. BiodiversityBiodiversity is
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Moreover, people attach more and mo
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important role in tackling with or
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Spolaore P., Joannis C. C., Duran E
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DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONSK.
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disciplines and socialised in diffe
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5. Corporate contextKSB is a medium
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Most important, BOS does not touch
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ongoing or expected changes in the
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1Idea andevaluation2Clarif. ofobjec
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Arthur. 2009. The Nature of Technol
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SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS IN DESIGN
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Figure 1.Left: The various roles of
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longer product centred. It is widel
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the competence to help develop dema
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Figure 4.Survey framework: Dimensio
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gap. In our survey, the lack of con
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SUSTAINABILITY AND INDUSTRIAL DESIG
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“memories of the future” that e
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that it is quite common for compani
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3. How will sustainability change:
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e sensitive to sustainability as th
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Industrial Designers Society of Ame
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