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Table 1.Steps of the ANT-derived methodStep Name of the step Description1 Actor mapping The step implies listing crucial actors in the system orproject.2 Programmeantiprogrammemapping3 Degree of support ornuisanceThe mapped actors might support (Programme) or oppose(Antiprogramme) the system. Also, there might be actorsthat are currently neutral or their attachment is not yetdefined (Neutral), which can affect the system significantlywhen their attachment becomes clear. At this step it isimportant to define to which group actors belong.At this step the degree to which the actors may affect,either positively or negatively, the system is defined.4 Associations mapping The associations or constellations of actors are definedthrough mapping interconnections between them.5 Analysis of actors andtheir associations6 Enrolling andneutralising actorsThe data generated during the previous steps allows toidentify what actors are of crucial importance and need tobe paid attentions to, as well as how they are connected toother actors, thus how they can be influenced or influencethe system.The analysis in the previous step gives the input for this step,where the means to neutralise antiprogramme and totransfer the neutral actors into the programme areidentified.To illustrate how the method was utilised for the biogas case analysis, the step-by-step description isprovided further. The first stage was to map all the critical actors – the ones that define theconstellations in the system, that enforce or obstruct its implementation and functioning. The initial listof actors was obtained through interviewing the people related or potentially related to the system andreflecting on what are the critical elements or challenges. Here, as ANT implies, the actors areheterogeneous and are not classified into any groups by their character. Thus the actors included humanand non-human actors.Mapping was continued with identifying if an actor belonged to the programme or antiprogrammefor the biogas system and what was the degree of the value it may add or potential nuisance. Formapping that, the DSM was created that contained all the defined critical actors. Then the effect on otheractors in the system was identified. The effect could be of three types: supporting (Programme – P),obstructing (Antiprogramme – AP), or neutral (N). The figure from 1 to 3 indicated how strong influencethe actor has on the corresponding actor (the bigger number – the more influence). By identifying theinfluence and degree of influence of an actor on other actors it was possible to sum up the ‘influencepoints’ and identify how strongly an actor was able to affect the system in total.The DSM allowed visualising the interdependencies between the actors as well. The result of the firstiteration of mapping (Steps 1-4) is presented in Table 2.After the 4 th step the analysis of the data was performed. It may be seen from Table 2 that though theantiprogramme is much weaker than the programme for the system, there is a significant number ofactors that are neutral. In this case, most of the actors were neutral since their impact was not yetdefined. For instance, one of the most critical neutral actors – number 10 – was the actor “Biogas price”.452
The DSM shows that the price for biogas is influenced by many actors, such as production volume,transportation distance, etc. At the same time the price for biogas itself influences a significant numberof actors, but is neutral currently. In this case neutrality means that it is difficult to identify if the pricewill affect the system and actors positively or negatively. If the price for biogas is too high, it willinfluence all the connected actors negatively: the demand for biogas by big customers will go not grow,the acceptance of the system will be low and the commitment of the city and business world will bedifficult to establish. On the contrary, low price for biogas is able to attract more customers and increasethe commitment of various actors.Table 2.DSM for mapping actors and their interdependenciesDegree ofcommitmentActorActor P AP N123456789101112131415161718192021222324251 5 3 22 21 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 13 2 8 2 2 3 2 14 20 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 25 11 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 26 15 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 17 5 2 1 3 2 18 4 7 3 1 2 2 1 29 6 3 2 110 15 3 3 3 2 2 1 111 13 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 212 2 4 1 2 1 213 7 2 3 214 4 1 2 115 5 1 1 1 216 4 1 1 217 4 2 218 16 2 2 2 3 2 2 319 2 1 1 220 6 2 2 221 4 1 1 1 122 1 123 124 9 2 3 2 225 3 4 3 2 226 7 3 3 1453
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Hanna Lakkala & Jarmo Vehmas (edito
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CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..............
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Implementation of Total responsibil
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In addition, an expert panel chaire
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GROUPING AND RANKING THE EU-27 COUN
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objects, i.e. countries. The city b
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Motorization rate (number of cars/
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Cluster 7: Italy, SpainAs can be un
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The northwestern European cluster i
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ReferencesEurostat (2011) Eurostat
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The authors applied both the SUMMA
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3.1. SUMMA examplesEmissions are a
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sector not in the paid work sector
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sustainability. While non-use and e
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Figure 5.Fund-Flow analysis of Scot
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examination concern e.g. dispersal
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These interlinked themes strongly a
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Social sustainabilitySocial sustain
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Economic sustainabilityThe existenc
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Public transport is efficient (supp
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SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BI
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1. Introduction and BackgroundThe d
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3. Case StudiesTwo alternative scen
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(methodological, spatial and time-s
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Comparing with energy uses in Campa
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ESI 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14% Renewable
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Kamm, B. - Kamm, M. (2004) Principl
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It is possible to identify five pre
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Case study applicationThe Cairngorm
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The language and terminology used b
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utility of MUSIASEM were less varie
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Our findings illustrate that relati
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McNie, E. C. 2007, "Reconciling the
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1. IntroductionRomania is a country
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Figure 2.The Manufacture sector has
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Figure 5.Between 2002 and 2006, Ele
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The database of net taxes on produc
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Serbanescu, I., 2007. Romania Under
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flows such as the residuals of prod
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Consumption (TMC) is a deriavite of
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6. Imported and Exported Material F
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points of view means that the use o
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TRENDS AND DRIVING FACTORS IN FINNI
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Figure 1.The interlinking of the fr
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Figure 3. The removal of total andc
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200150100500-50CO2FI/FECFIFECFI/VAF
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ReferencesBraczyk, P.H.J., Cooke, P
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“JUST BEGIN”A CASE STUDY IN CRE
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2. Materials and MethodsThe role of
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everyone some share in the land’s
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allowing for winter grazing and car
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Useful PrinciplesAn especially impo
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This approach necessarily has major
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POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE LEAST DE
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made interviews in a village that h
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was put on projects predominantly f
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(discussed in more detail in follow
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4. Solar Home System Program in Lao
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micro hydro has not received that m
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And the role of smaller scale solut
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has become in discourse level the m
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ReferencesBerliant, Leslie (2009) W
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DEVELOPING TIBET INTO A SPECIAL SUS
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are just a curiosity for festivals
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Environmental sustainabilityEnviron
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and towns under the reservoir. Howe
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ailways, airports and townships for
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(3) social needs: good relations an
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COPENHAGEN FAILURE AND NORTH-SOUTHD
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”whoever defines the terms of the
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Blair makes a division between deve
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Issue 3: Action suggestionsOne of t
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change as a serious problem and und
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aspects. Through the scrutiny of le
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50 000 ha are currently irrigated.
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Table 2.The main pieces of legislat
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Table 3.The main policy documents o
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However, the Zambian laws on sanita
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State House (2009). Updated on 16th
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Forum 2009). As agriculture is the
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2005; Levy and Newell 2002). These
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The virtual water ‘flows’ embed
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value given to the other members of
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countries of operation, promoting m
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Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., (2
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1723. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
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guarantee the consumer’s opportun
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3. Growth of GDP doesn’t guarante
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Veblen’s observation on the inter
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overriding of the ‘interference o
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consumption has no centre point (or
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Habermas, J., 1968. Erkenntnis und
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2010). However, people who prioriti
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Table 2.Operationalizing of attitud
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material intensity, which is driven
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225 cases of serious illness per te
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instance, to tax labor in the frame
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Anderson, A., Harris, T., Tylavsky,
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Heiskala, R. (2000). Toiminta, tapa
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Rauh, V., Arunajadai, S., Horton, M
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MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CONSUMPTION- TW
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possibilities to participate in the
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udgets were mostly selected by expe
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Figure 1.Material footprint of the
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eference budgets. A reduction in li
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Schmidt-Bleek,F. (2009) The Earth:
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A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR LIFE CYC
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Geels notes that for transitions to
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Hafkamp (2002), working from the ec
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4.1. LCT based analysis as a test f
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effect, this image establishes a vi
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management strategies, it has been
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5.2.3. Subsidiarity: Level of imple
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Council Directive. 2008. 2008/98/EC
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LAND USE FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION -
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Economic: part of the technical pot
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local food production system. Conse
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As can be seen from the graph above
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ReferencesBerndes G, Hoogwijk M, va
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DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE
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Figure 1.Dynamic and Folding Field
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esponses to an array of possible em
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Leadership and institutionsThe SEQC
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not preferable. Scenario 4: Transfo
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Figure 2.Practical responses across
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Wilber, Ken. 2001. A Theory of Ever
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2. Background and LiteratureSustain
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about environmental challenges. Sco
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interconnectedness of globalization
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ConclusionThe analysis of the data
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ReferencesAgenda 21, Chapter 36. Th
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2. Theory and LiteratureTo achieve
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There probably are professional dif
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design fields, 2 from economics and
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out. While there are some necessary
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J. (Eds.) Proceedings of LeNS Confe
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INNOVATIVE FISCAL POLICY IN THE CON
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3. A concept of innovative fiscal p
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transfers, and social contributions
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Although Finland can be ranked into
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which induced lower tax revenues -
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panacea; furthermore, unlegislated
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ReferencesAfonso, A. - Hauptmeier,
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In this paper are presented some fi
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The baseline scenario for 2011-2012
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Indirect effects: the increased wei
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AcknowledgementsThis paper was supp
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e added to the domestic hidden econ
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case when all household are involve
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(from 70.8% in 1997 to 63.1% in 200
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Appendix 1Shares of informal income
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H2 Estimations under the hypotheses
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1999). In this analysis the Finnish
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warming, growing environmental burd
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aggregate indicator. It is by no me
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Diefenbacher, H. 1994. The index of
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3147. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
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themselves - both in day-to-day bus
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3. How do we arrive at big picture?
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Figure 3.Pillars of sustainability
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That communication, networking, and
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companies already consider the sust
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1. IntroductionCompanies leading in
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Figure 1.Sources of InnovationExami
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penetration of disruptive innovatio
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introduced by Canon which eventuall
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Scenario 4 - Disruptive Era: This i
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Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J. P. 200
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1. IntroductionTotal Quality manage
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Waddock and Graves, 1997). Neverthe
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organizations to discover and creat
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undertaken to pursue a sustainable
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and ways to enhance and effectively
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Waddock, SA & Graves, SB 1997. ‘T
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the company and its stakeholders. O
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persons. About 30% of the shares ar
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working groups and board of directo
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sustainability webpages and press r
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Näsi, Juha (1995) What is stakehol
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the indirect and inter-stakeholder
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In June 2005, the presidents of Uru
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examine the stakeholder relationshi
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Union expressed its’ support to t
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The analysis of this case illustrat
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Meyer, K. E., Mudambi, R. & Narula,
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(Vandenbergh 2007; McBarnet and Kur
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Finally, enforceability is another
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3.2. OverviewThe legal scholarship
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law, transnational private regulati
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The SA8000, a certification based s
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As the analyzed literature shows, t
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Shaffer, G. and Pollack, M.A.., 201
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documents and to correct the disclo
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2.2. The EU CSR disclosure regimeSi
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The decision laid down the path for
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2011). More fundamental criticisms
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espect of the materiality of CSR re
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unexpected side effects as well. As
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HEITZMAN, S., WASLEY, C. E. & ZIMME
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4008. FUTURES METHODS
Page 402 and 403: 1. IntroductionThe Finnish society
Page 404 and 405: Figure 2.An analysis on effectivene
Page 406 and 407: In the following the scenarios are
Page 408 and 409: Development corresponds closest to
Page 410 and 411: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD CARDS AND
Page 412 and 413: infrastructure sector. Thus, the ne
Page 414 and 415: consulted the right experts or if w
Page 416 and 417: Tampere area and Lapin Kansa is pub
Page 418 and 419: Here are just a few examples of the
Page 420 and 421: transparent decision-making. If pol
Page 422 and 423: Local and Regional Authorities.http
Page 424 and 425: DELPHI ON TRANSPORT AND CO 2 EMISSI
Page 426 and 427: which had offered little informatio
Page 428 and 429: and sidewalks. The use and ownershi
Page 430 and 431: very slow decrease after the year 2
Page 432 and 433: emissions of the car, and the annua
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Page 436 and 437: ANALYSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROA
Page 438 and 439: developed countries but not globall
Page 440 and 441: only are useful in stable condition
Page 442 and 443: analysis and literature survey form
Page 444 and 445: However, the survey did not give in
Page 446 and 447: DETR (1999) Sustainable distributio
Page 448 and 449: complex and systematic understandin
Page 450 and 451: The structure and aims of the paper
Page 454 and 455: After the first iteration the impor
Page 456 and 457: in the real world? Since the lack o
Page 458 and 459: SMALL STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRAN
Page 460 and 461: Quantitative content analysis was p
Page 462 and 463: general, attitudes towards car tax
Page 464 and 465: Future orientation of the discussio
Page 466 and 467: public, there were little possibili
Page 468 and 469: 46810. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
Page 470 and 471: meaningful components and compares
Page 472 and 473: fuel combustion. Positive values fo
Page 474 and 475: We analyse the changes in the count
Page 476 and 477: 200180160140120100806040200Activity
Page 478 and 479: has had considerable impact on CO 2
Page 480 and 481: The structural decomposition analys
Page 482 and 483: Intensity effect on Final Energy Co
Page 484 and 485: %China, factors affecting CO 2 emis
Page 486 and 487: 4. ConclusionsThe decomposition ana
Page 488 and 489: MICROALGAE AS A BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK:
Page 490 and 491: are dominating the international ag
Page 492 and 493: 3.1.3. BiodiversityBiodiversity is
Page 494 and 495: Moreover, people attach more and mo
Page 496 and 497: important role in tackling with or
Page 498 and 499: Spolaore P., Joannis C. C., Duran E
Page 500 and 501: DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONSK.
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disciplines and socialised in diffe
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5. Corporate contextKSB is a medium
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Most important, BOS does not touch
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ongoing or expected changes in the
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1Idea andevaluation2Clarif. ofobjec
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Arthur. 2009. The Nature of Technol
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SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS IN DESIGN
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Figure 1.Left: The various roles of
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longer product centred. It is widel
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the competence to help develop dema
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Figure 4.Survey framework: Dimensio
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gap. In our survey, the lack of con
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SUSTAINABILITY AND INDUSTRIAL DESIG
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“memories of the future” that e
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that it is quite common for compani
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3. How will sustainability change:
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e sensitive to sustainability as th
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Industrial Designers Society of Ame
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