trends and future of sustainable development - TransEco

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ANALYSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROAD FREIGHTTRANSPORT - COMBINING MULTIPLE SOURCES OFINFORMATIONMarkus Pöllänen and Heikki LiimatainenTampere University of Technology, FinlandABSTRACT – Sustainability in general and also in the context of transport has many dimensions.Here we concentrate on freight transport and especially on greenhouse gases (GHG). Reducing GHGand above all CO 2 emissions has become a key objective as the global attention has focused on climatechange. In European projections, transport has been recognised as a sector which is growing in termsof CO 2 emissions unlike other sectors. Particularly in road freight transport there are currently noviable alternatives to fossil fuels in large extent. Also the demand for transport is expected to growsubstantially.A widely accepted framework has been constructed for analysing energy efficiency and CO 2emissions in road freight transport. This framework links the economic activity and CO 2 emissions inorder to analyse different factors and for instance to compare different countries with each other or tocompare the development over time. In this paper we discuss this framework from the perspective ofcombining data from literature review, national statistics, web-based survey for hauliers, Delphisurvey, and workshops in order to make sensible forecasts for the next decades considering thedevelopment of sustainability and specially CO 2 emissions of road freight transport.1. IntroductionThere is a growing interest to develop road freight transport into a more sustainable direction. As thecarbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions are strived to be decreased in every sector of our society, also roadfreight transport is facing the challenge. The challenge is even greater in transport sector than in othersectors. Transport is the only sector with growing greenhouse gas emissions in Europe (Eurostat 2011).The growth has been due to growing transport activity and the growth is estimated to continue(SEC/2011/0358). Furthermore, transport is, and will continue to be, almost entirely dependent on oil(COM/2011/0144). In Chapter 2 we will discuss sustainability in the context of road freight transport.In this paper we will look at the sustainability of road freight transport especially through theframework, which is introduced in Chapter 3. The framework incorporates different factors affecting theCO 2 emissions of road freight transport. Our main interest is to analyse the different types of methods436
and information that can be connected to this framework in order to make projections and scenarios ofpossible futures. We will concentrate our analysis on the methods used in KULJETUS-project 1 , i.e.literature review, national statistics, web-based survey for hauliers, Delphi survey and workshops inorder to make sensible forecasts for the next decades considering the development of sustainability andspecially CO 2 emissions of road freight transport. There are two timeframes to analyse; one is for theupcoming five years and the second the next 20 years, i.e. to year 2030. In Chapter 4 we will make abrief overview on the different methods producing multiple sources of information and data and inChapter 5 we will present our analysis in connection to the framework. Finally, in Chapter 6, we willdiscuss the findings and present our conclusions.2. Sustainability of road freight transportThe key issues of sustainable road freight transport are laid out by the UK Department of theEnvironment, Transport and the Regions in its sustainable distribution strategy (DETR 1999). Accordingto the strategy, sustainable distribution should: (environment) contribute to GHG reduction, meet air quality and noise standards and minimisewaste and impacts on biodiversity (economy) promote growth, secure jobs, reflect costs of transport, ensure fair competition andcheap supply of goods through efficient system (society) improve road safety, protect health, minimise the impact of noise, promote good accessto goods and services and provide efficient distribution service to all.Sustainable road freight transport is in a way a self-contradictory concept. This is because on theother hand it is a prerequisite for economic development and social equality, but on the other hand itinevitably causes negative environmental and social impacts. Road freight operations have severaladverse impacts on people and environment. Lorries are involved in around 17 % of fatal road trafficaccidents in Finland (Statistics Finland 2010). Lorries are also responsible for around 23 % of CO 2emissions from road transport in Finland, and the share is even higher for emissions of particulatematter and nitrogen oxides (VTT 2010). The most serious adversity is, however, the continuous growthin the environmental effects of road freight transport. Despite of the European strategies, freighttransport and especially road freight transport is growing in Europe, thus increasing the environmentaleffects.Road freight transport is closely interlinked with the economy, i.e. the growth in freight transport iscaused by growth in the economy and freight transport enables economic growth. However, the link isseen to be weakening in the developed countries (see e.g. Tapio 2005; Kveiborg & Fosgerau 2007; Sorrellet al. 2010). Partly this decoupling is due to off-shoring manufacturing from developed countries todeveloping countries (McKinnon 2007), which suggests that the decoupling is happening in the1KULJETUS-project aims at forecasting the future of energy efficiency and CO2 emissions in Finnish road freighttransport until 2016 and 2030 in the light of current trends, as well as recommending political measures to achievethe energy efficiency and CO2 emission targets. Project is carried out in 2011 by Tampere University of Technologyin collaboration with University of Turku and Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh. Project is funded by FinnishTransport Agency, Ministry of Transport and Communications and Ministry of Employment and the Economy.437
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Hanna Lakkala & Jarmo Vehmas (edito
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CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..............
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Implementation of Total responsibil
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In addition, an expert panel chaire
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GROUPING AND RANKING THE EU-27 COUN
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objects, i.e. countries. The city b
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Motorization rate (number of cars/
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Cluster 7: Italy, SpainAs can be un
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The northwestern European cluster i
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ReferencesEurostat (2011) Eurostat
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The authors applied both the SUMMA
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3.1. SUMMA examplesEmissions are a
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sector not in the paid work sector
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sustainability. While non-use and e
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Figure 5.Fund-Flow analysis of Scot
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examination concern e.g. dispersal
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These interlinked themes strongly a
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Social sustainabilitySocial sustain
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Economic sustainabilityThe existenc
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Public transport is efficient (supp
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SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BI
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1. Introduction and BackgroundThe d
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3. Case StudiesTwo alternative scen
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(methodological, spatial and time-s
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Comparing with energy uses in Campa
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ESI 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14% Renewable
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Kamm, B. - Kamm, M. (2004) Principl
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It is possible to identify five pre
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Case study applicationThe Cairngorm
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The language and terminology used b
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utility of MUSIASEM were less varie
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Our findings illustrate that relati
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McNie, E. C. 2007, "Reconciling the
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1. IntroductionRomania is a country
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Figure 2.The Manufacture sector has
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Figure 5.Between 2002 and 2006, Ele
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The database of net taxes on produc
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Serbanescu, I., 2007. Romania Under
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flows such as the residuals of prod
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Consumption (TMC) is a deriavite of
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6. Imported and Exported Material F
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points of view means that the use o
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TRENDS AND DRIVING FACTORS IN FINNI
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Figure 1.The interlinking of the fr
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Figure 3. The removal of total andc
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200150100500-50CO2FI/FECFIFECFI/VAF
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ReferencesBraczyk, P.H.J., Cooke, P
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“JUST BEGIN”A CASE STUDY IN CRE
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2. Materials and MethodsThe role of
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everyone some share in the land’s
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allowing for winter grazing and car
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Useful PrinciplesAn especially impo
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This approach necessarily has major
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POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE LEAST DE
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made interviews in a village that h
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was put on projects predominantly f
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(discussed in more detail in follow
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4. Solar Home System Program in Lao
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micro hydro has not received that m
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And the role of smaller scale solut
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has become in discourse level the m
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ReferencesBerliant, Leslie (2009) W
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DEVELOPING TIBET INTO A SPECIAL SUS
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are just a curiosity for festivals
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Environmental sustainabilityEnviron
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and towns under the reservoir. Howe
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ailways, airports and townships for
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(3) social needs: good relations an
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COPENHAGEN FAILURE AND NORTH-SOUTHD
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”whoever defines the terms of the
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Blair makes a division between deve
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Issue 3: Action suggestionsOne of t
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change as a serious problem and und
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aspects. Through the scrutiny of le
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50 000 ha are currently irrigated.
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Table 2.The main pieces of legislat
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Table 3.The main policy documents o
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However, the Zambian laws on sanita
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State House (2009). Updated on 16th
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Forum 2009). As agriculture is the
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2005; Levy and Newell 2002). These
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The virtual water ‘flows’ embed
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value given to the other members of
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countries of operation, promoting m
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Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., (2
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1723. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
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guarantee the consumer’s opportun
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3. Growth of GDP doesn’t guarante
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Veblen’s observation on the inter
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overriding of the ‘interference o
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consumption has no centre point (or
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Habermas, J., 1968. Erkenntnis und
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2010). However, people who prioriti
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Table 2.Operationalizing of attitud
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material intensity, which is driven
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225 cases of serious illness per te
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instance, to tax labor in the frame
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Anderson, A., Harris, T., Tylavsky,
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Heiskala, R. (2000). Toiminta, tapa
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Rauh, V., Arunajadai, S., Horton, M
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MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CONSUMPTION- TW
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possibilities to participate in the
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udgets were mostly selected by expe
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Figure 1.Material footprint of the
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eference budgets. A reduction in li
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Schmidt-Bleek,F. (2009) The Earth:
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A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR LIFE CYC
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Geels notes that for transitions to
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Hafkamp (2002), working from the ec
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4.1. LCT based analysis as a test f
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effect, this image establishes a vi
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management strategies, it has been
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5.2.3. Subsidiarity: Level of imple
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Council Directive. 2008. 2008/98/EC
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LAND USE FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION -
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Economic: part of the technical pot
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local food production system. Conse
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As can be seen from the graph above
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ReferencesBerndes G, Hoogwijk M, va
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DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE
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Figure 1.Dynamic and Folding Field
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esponses to an array of possible em
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Leadership and institutionsThe SEQC
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not preferable. Scenario 4: Transfo
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Figure 2.Practical responses across
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Wilber, Ken. 2001. A Theory of Ever
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2. Background and LiteratureSustain
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about environmental challenges. Sco
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interconnectedness of globalization
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ConclusionThe analysis of the data
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ReferencesAgenda 21, Chapter 36. Th
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2. Theory and LiteratureTo achieve
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There probably are professional dif
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design fields, 2 from economics and
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out. While there are some necessary
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J. (Eds.) Proceedings of LeNS Confe
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INNOVATIVE FISCAL POLICY IN THE CON
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3. A concept of innovative fiscal p
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transfers, and social contributions
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Although Finland can be ranked into
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which induced lower tax revenues -
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panacea; furthermore, unlegislated
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ReferencesAfonso, A. - Hauptmeier,
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In this paper are presented some fi
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The baseline scenario for 2011-2012
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Indirect effects: the increased wei
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AcknowledgementsThis paper was supp
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e added to the domestic hidden econ
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case when all household are involve
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(from 70.8% in 1997 to 63.1% in 200
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Appendix 1Shares of informal income
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H2 Estimations under the hypotheses
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1999). In this analysis the Finnish
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warming, growing environmental burd
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aggregate indicator. It is by no me
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Diefenbacher, H. 1994. The index of
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3147. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
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themselves - both in day-to-day bus
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3. How do we arrive at big picture?
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Figure 3.Pillars of sustainability
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That communication, networking, and
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companies already consider the sust
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1. IntroductionCompanies leading in
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Figure 1.Sources of InnovationExami
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penetration of disruptive innovatio
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introduced by Canon which eventuall
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Scenario 4 - Disruptive Era: This i
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Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J. P. 200
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1. IntroductionTotal Quality manage
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Waddock and Graves, 1997). Neverthe
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organizations to discover and creat
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undertaken to pursue a sustainable
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and ways to enhance and effectively
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Waddock, SA & Graves, SB 1997. ‘T
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the company and its stakeholders. O
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persons. About 30% of the shares ar
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working groups and board of directo
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sustainability webpages and press r
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Näsi, Juha (1995) What is stakehol
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the indirect and inter-stakeholder
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In June 2005, the presidents of Uru
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examine the stakeholder relationshi
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Union expressed its’ support to t
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The analysis of this case illustrat
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Meyer, K. E., Mudambi, R. & Narula,
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(Vandenbergh 2007; McBarnet and Kur
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Finally, enforceability is another
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3.2. OverviewThe legal scholarship
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law, transnational private regulati
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The SA8000, a certification based s
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As the analyzed literature shows, t
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Shaffer, G. and Pollack, M.A.., 201
Page 386 and 387: documents and to correct the disclo
Page 388 and 389: 2.2. The EU CSR disclosure regimeSi
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Page 392 and 393: 2011). More fundamental criticisms
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Page 396 and 397: unexpected side effects as well. As
Page 398 and 399: HEITZMAN, S., WASLEY, C. E. & ZIMME
Page 400 and 401: 4008. FUTURES METHODS
Page 402 and 403: 1. IntroductionThe Finnish society
Page 404 and 405: Figure 2.An analysis on effectivene
Page 406 and 407: In the following the scenarios are
Page 408 and 409: Development corresponds closest to
Page 410 and 411: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD CARDS AND
Page 412 and 413: infrastructure sector. Thus, the ne
Page 414 and 415: consulted the right experts or if w
Page 416 and 417: Tampere area and Lapin Kansa is pub
Page 418 and 419: Here are just a few examples of the
Page 420 and 421: transparent decision-making. If pol
Page 422 and 423: Local and Regional Authorities.http
Page 424 and 425: DELPHI ON TRANSPORT AND CO 2 EMISSI
Page 426 and 427: which had offered little informatio
Page 428 and 429: and sidewalks. The use and ownershi
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Page 438 and 439: developed countries but not globall
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Page 442 and 443: analysis and literature survey form
Page 444 and 445: However, the survey did not give in
Page 446 and 447: DETR (1999) Sustainable distributio
Page 448 and 449: complex and systematic understandin
Page 450 and 451: The structure and aims of the paper
Page 452 and 453: Table 1.Steps of the ANT-derived me
Page 454 and 455: After the first iteration the impor
Page 456 and 457: in the real world? Since the lack o
Page 458 and 459: SMALL STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRAN
Page 460 and 461: Quantitative content analysis was p
Page 462 and 463: general, attitudes towards car tax
Page 464 and 465: Future orientation of the discussio
Page 466 and 467: public, there were little possibili
Page 468 and 469: 46810. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
Page 470 and 471: meaningful components and compares
Page 472 and 473: fuel combustion. Positive values fo
Page 474 and 475: We analyse the changes in the count
Page 476 and 477: 200180160140120100806040200Activity
Page 478 and 479: has had considerable impact on CO 2
Page 480 and 481: The structural decomposition analys
Page 482 and 483: Intensity effect on Final Energy Co
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4. ConclusionsThe decomposition ana
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MICROALGAE AS A BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK:
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are dominating the international ag
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3.1.3. BiodiversityBiodiversity is
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Moreover, people attach more and mo
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important role in tackling with or
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Spolaore P., Joannis C. C., Duran E
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DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONSK.
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disciplines and socialised in diffe
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5. Corporate contextKSB is a medium
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Most important, BOS does not touch
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ongoing or expected changes in the
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1Idea andevaluation2Clarif. ofobjec
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Arthur. 2009. The Nature of Technol
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SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS IN DESIGN
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Figure 1.Left: The various roles of
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longer product centred. It is widel
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the competence to help develop dema
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Figure 4.Survey framework: Dimensio
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gap. In our survey, the lack of con
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SUSTAINABILITY AND INDUSTRIAL DESIG
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“memories of the future” that e
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that it is quite common for compani
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3. How will sustainability change:
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e sensitive to sustainability as th
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Industrial Designers Society of Ame
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