trends and future of sustainable development - TransEco

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introduced by Canon which eventually disrupted Xerox’s market dominance and leading position(Christensen et al. 2001)This case brings a number of indicators to the topic of BOP and innovations. Summarily, the Japancase does not only emphasize the point that innovations can occur from the bottom of the market to thetop, but it illuminates the fact that by effective disruptive innovations, nations can change their positionin the lattice of the pyramid.Tata Case (typical BOP driven Innovation): The Tata groups car – Nano is a classic exampleof an innovative product produced with the BOP in mind, with affordability being a core element in itsdesign, development and business model. The BOP innovation of making this car involved reducing thecost structure elements associated with producing a car, preparing to accept lower-than-standard grossmargins (Wentz 2010) and aiming at selling the Nano in large volumes, essentially to the BOPs’ marketof first-time car buyers.For Tata to achieve this, they had to re-engineer the process of designing, manufacturing anddistributing a car to meet the BOP market. It also redefined the supplier strategy employed by opting tooutsource a huge portion of the car’s parts and to engage lesser number of vendors to reduce the effect oftransaction costs (Wentz 2010). With this approach, Tata has been able to unfold a strategy that brings acar that would have otherwise remained a luxurious product for the TOP and the middle income earnersonly, to the BOP. This logically makes Nano an affordable and choice product for millions of first timecar buyers in the BOP.3. DiscussionConsequence for Today’s CompaniesA scenario based evaluationFrom the foregoing analysis, let’s re-examine our foundational question - can Bottom of the Pyramidinnovations be disruptive for companies in the developed world? In order to deduce this, 13 innovation,R&D & management professionals of top companies leading in their sectors were interviewed. From theinterviews almost all the respondents acknowledged the potential for innovations occurring at the BOP.However, about 77% of the respondents considered BOP innovations or markets to be of majorsignificance to their market. This reveals a potential vulnerability that if a disruptive innovation shouldoccur at the BOP it likely will be largely unnoticed at inception. Therefore considering the analysis of thevarious attributes of the BOP and the factors that stimulate innovations at this level, a plausiblededuction is the revelation that such innovations can have disruptive impacts on companies in thedeveloped world.To further consolidate the foregoing analysis, a scenario model has been developed to highlight thepossible evolution routes and impact of innovation at the BOP, for companies in the developed world.(See figure 3.)332
High InnovationTOP Focus onlyBOP FocusLow InnovationDeveloped companiesNew entrants’ axisFigure 3.Scenario evaluation of innovations relative to the BOP market.From figure 3, the two defining parameters are level of innovation and market focus of companies(TOP/BOP). Firstly, to what degree are innovations taking place? Secondly, which market group arethese innovations targeted at?The position of a company at a particular point in time on this plot, will invariably indicate the likelyimpact the prevailing market dynamics can have on it and its market position. Furthermore, theinteraction between the innovation and the segment focused on will equally determine the status of theBOP in the future pyramidal structure.Scenario 1 – Market Gap: In this scenario, companies are creatively innovating and their focus isprimarily on the TOP market. The impact on the developed companies is a translation of innovations tobusiness growth where added value is brought to existing customers at the TOP. This will result in awider void between the offerings available for the TOP and the BOP such that crossing the gap willrequire considerable effort.Scenario 2 – Status quo: This is the situation that occurs when there is relatively no significantinnovations and the companies maintain their TOP focus. This refers to a situation where things remainthe way they are without any noteworthy change in the structure of the pyramid or its effect on thedeveloped companies.Scenario 3 – Fragmented Market: This is a scenario whereby developed companies, BOPentrepreneurs and new entrants provide products to the BOP market without any major creativeinnovation of a disruptive capacity. This scenario represents a point when developed companies retaintheir main TOP market focus can also extend their offerings to the BOP but without any major creativechange or necessary BOP related innovation. Since this scenario represents an axis with low level ofinnovation, BOP companies will be characterized by mediocre adaptations of TOP products for the BOPmarket as a means of competing with the trickling down products of the developed companies into theirBOP domain. Thereby resulting in a TOP market dominated by the developed companies and a nondisruptive BOP market with BOP-focused small companies.333
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Hanna Lakkala & Jarmo Vehmas (edito
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CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..............
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Implementation of Total responsibil
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In addition, an expert panel chaire
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GROUPING AND RANKING THE EU-27 COUN
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objects, i.e. countries. The city b
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Motorization rate (number of cars/
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Cluster 7: Italy, SpainAs can be un
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The northwestern European cluster i
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ReferencesEurostat (2011) Eurostat
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The authors applied both the SUMMA
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3.1. SUMMA examplesEmissions are a
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sector not in the paid work sector
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sustainability. While non-use and e
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Figure 5.Fund-Flow analysis of Scot
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examination concern e.g. dispersal
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These interlinked themes strongly a
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Social sustainabilitySocial sustain
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Economic sustainabilityThe existenc
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Public transport is efficient (supp
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SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BI
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1. Introduction and BackgroundThe d
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3. Case StudiesTwo alternative scen
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(methodological, spatial and time-s
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Comparing with energy uses in Campa
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ESI 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14% Renewable
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Kamm, B. - Kamm, M. (2004) Principl
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It is possible to identify five pre
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Case study applicationThe Cairngorm
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The language and terminology used b
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utility of MUSIASEM were less varie
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Our findings illustrate that relati
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McNie, E. C. 2007, "Reconciling the
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1. IntroductionRomania is a country
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Figure 2.The Manufacture sector has
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Figure 5.Between 2002 and 2006, Ele
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The database of net taxes on produc
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Serbanescu, I., 2007. Romania Under
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flows such as the residuals of prod
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Consumption (TMC) is a deriavite of
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6. Imported and Exported Material F
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points of view means that the use o
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TRENDS AND DRIVING FACTORS IN FINNI
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Figure 1.The interlinking of the fr
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Figure 3. The removal of total andc
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200150100500-50CO2FI/FECFIFECFI/VAF
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ReferencesBraczyk, P.H.J., Cooke, P
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“JUST BEGIN”A CASE STUDY IN CRE
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2. Materials and MethodsThe role of
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everyone some share in the land’s
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allowing for winter grazing and car
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Useful PrinciplesAn especially impo
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This approach necessarily has major
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POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE LEAST DE
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made interviews in a village that h
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was put on projects predominantly f
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(discussed in more detail in follow
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4. Solar Home System Program in Lao
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micro hydro has not received that m
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And the role of smaller scale solut
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has become in discourse level the m
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ReferencesBerliant, Leslie (2009) W
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DEVELOPING TIBET INTO A SPECIAL SUS
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are just a curiosity for festivals
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Environmental sustainabilityEnviron
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and towns under the reservoir. Howe
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ailways, airports and townships for
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(3) social needs: good relations an
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COPENHAGEN FAILURE AND NORTH-SOUTHD
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”whoever defines the terms of the
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Blair makes a division between deve
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Issue 3: Action suggestionsOne of t
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change as a serious problem and und
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aspects. Through the scrutiny of le
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50 000 ha are currently irrigated.
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Table 2.The main pieces of legislat
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Table 3.The main policy documents o
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However, the Zambian laws on sanita
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State House (2009). Updated on 16th
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Forum 2009). As agriculture is the
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2005; Levy and Newell 2002). These
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The virtual water ‘flows’ embed
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value given to the other members of
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countries of operation, promoting m
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Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., (2
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1723. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
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guarantee the consumer’s opportun
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3. Growth of GDP doesn’t guarante
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Veblen’s observation on the inter
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overriding of the ‘interference o
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consumption has no centre point (or
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Habermas, J., 1968. Erkenntnis und
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2010). However, people who prioriti
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Table 2.Operationalizing of attitud
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material intensity, which is driven
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225 cases of serious illness per te
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instance, to tax labor in the frame
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Anderson, A., Harris, T., Tylavsky,
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Heiskala, R. (2000). Toiminta, tapa
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Rauh, V., Arunajadai, S., Horton, M
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MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CONSUMPTION- TW
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possibilities to participate in the
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udgets were mostly selected by expe
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Figure 1.Material footprint of the
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eference budgets. A reduction in li
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Schmidt-Bleek,F. (2009) The Earth:
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A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR LIFE CYC
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Geels notes that for transitions to
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Hafkamp (2002), working from the ec
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4.1. LCT based analysis as a test f
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effect, this image establishes a vi
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management strategies, it has been
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5.2.3. Subsidiarity: Level of imple
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Council Directive. 2008. 2008/98/EC
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LAND USE FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION -
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Economic: part of the technical pot
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local food production system. Conse
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As can be seen from the graph above
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ReferencesBerndes G, Hoogwijk M, va
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DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE
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Figure 1.Dynamic and Folding Field
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esponses to an array of possible em
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Leadership and institutionsThe SEQC
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not preferable. Scenario 4: Transfo
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Figure 2.Practical responses across
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Wilber, Ken. 2001. A Theory of Ever
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2. Background and LiteratureSustain
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about environmental challenges. Sco
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interconnectedness of globalization
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ConclusionThe analysis of the data
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ReferencesAgenda 21, Chapter 36. Th
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2. Theory and LiteratureTo achieve
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There probably are professional dif
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design fields, 2 from economics and
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out. While there are some necessary
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J. (Eds.) Proceedings of LeNS Confe
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INNOVATIVE FISCAL POLICY IN THE CON
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3. A concept of innovative fiscal p
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transfers, and social contributions
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Although Finland can be ranked into
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Page 284 and 285: panacea; furthermore, unlegislated
Page 286 and 287: ReferencesAfonso, A. - Hauptmeier,
Page 288 and 289: In this paper are presented some fi
Page 290 and 291: The baseline scenario for 2011-2012
Page 292 and 293: Indirect effects: the increased wei
Page 294 and 295: AcknowledgementsThis paper was supp
Page 296 and 297: e added to the domestic hidden econ
Page 298 and 299: case when all household are involve
Page 300 and 301: (from 70.8% in 1997 to 63.1% in 200
Page 302 and 303: Appendix 1Shares of informal income
Page 304 and 305: H2 Estimations under the hypotheses
Page 306 and 307: 1999). In this analysis the Finnish
Page 308 and 309: warming, growing environmental burd
Page 310 and 311: aggregate indicator. It is by no me
Page 312 and 313: Diefenbacher, H. 1994. The index of
Page 314 and 315: 3147. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
Page 316 and 317: themselves - both in day-to-day bus
Page 318 and 319: 3. How do we arrive at big picture?
Page 320 and 321: Figure 3.Pillars of sustainability
Page 322 and 323: That communication, networking, and
Page 324 and 325: companies already consider the sust
Page 326 and 327: 1. IntroductionCompanies leading in
Page 328 and 329: Figure 1.Sources of InnovationExami
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Page 334 and 335: Scenario 4 - Disruptive Era: This i
Page 336 and 337: Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J. P. 200
Page 338 and 339: 1. IntroductionTotal Quality manage
Page 340 and 341: Waddock and Graves, 1997). Neverthe
Page 342 and 343: organizations to discover and creat
Page 344 and 345: undertaken to pursue a sustainable
Page 346 and 347: and ways to enhance and effectively
Page 348 and 349: Waddock, SA & Graves, SB 1997. ‘T
Page 350 and 351: the company and its stakeholders. O
Page 352 and 353: persons. About 30% of the shares ar
Page 354 and 355: working groups and board of directo
Page 356 and 357: sustainability webpages and press r
Page 358 and 359: Näsi, Juha (1995) What is stakehol
Page 360 and 361: the indirect and inter-stakeholder
Page 362 and 363: In June 2005, the presidents of Uru
Page 364 and 365: examine the stakeholder relationshi
Page 366 and 367: Union expressed its’ support to t
Page 368 and 369: The analysis of this case illustrat
Page 370 and 371: Meyer, K. E., Mudambi, R. & Narula,
Page 372 and 373: (Vandenbergh 2007; McBarnet and Kur
Page 374 and 375: Finally, enforceability is another
Page 376 and 377: 3.2. OverviewThe legal scholarship
Page 378 and 379: law, transnational private regulati
Page 380 and 381: The SA8000, a certification based s
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As the analyzed literature shows, t
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Shaffer, G. and Pollack, M.A.., 201
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documents and to correct the disclo
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2.2. The EU CSR disclosure regimeSi
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The decision laid down the path for
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2011). More fundamental criticisms
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espect of the materiality of CSR re
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unexpected side effects as well. As
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HEITZMAN, S., WASLEY, C. E. & ZIMME
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4008. FUTURES METHODS
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1. IntroductionThe Finnish society
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Figure 2.An analysis on effectivene
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In the following the scenarios are
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Development corresponds closest to
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD CARDS AND
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infrastructure sector. Thus, the ne
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consulted the right experts or if w
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Tampere area and Lapin Kansa is pub
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Here are just a few examples of the
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transparent decision-making. If pol
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Local and Regional Authorities.http
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DELPHI ON TRANSPORT AND CO 2 EMISSI
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which had offered little informatio
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and sidewalks. The use and ownershi
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very slow decrease after the year 2
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emissions of the car, and the annua
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Finnish Government (2008) Long-term
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ANALYSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROA
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developed countries but not globall
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only are useful in stable condition
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analysis and literature survey form
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However, the survey did not give in
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DETR (1999) Sustainable distributio
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complex and systematic understandin
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The structure and aims of the paper
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Table 1.Steps of the ANT-derived me
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After the first iteration the impor
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in the real world? Since the lack o
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SMALL STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRAN
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Quantitative content analysis was p
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general, attitudes towards car tax
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Future orientation of the discussio
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public, there were little possibili
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46810. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
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meaningful components and compares
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fuel combustion. Positive values fo
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We analyse the changes in the count
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200180160140120100806040200Activity
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has had considerable impact on CO 2
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The structural decomposition analys
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Intensity effect on Final Energy Co
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%China, factors affecting CO 2 emis
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4. ConclusionsThe decomposition ana
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MICROALGAE AS A BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK:
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are dominating the international ag
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3.1.3. BiodiversityBiodiversity is
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Moreover, people attach more and mo
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important role in tackling with or
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Spolaore P., Joannis C. C., Duran E
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DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONSK.
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disciplines and socialised in diffe
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5. Corporate contextKSB is a medium
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Most important, BOS does not touch
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ongoing or expected changes in the
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1Idea andevaluation2Clarif. ofobjec
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Arthur. 2009. The Nature of Technol
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SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS IN DESIGN
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Figure 1.Left: The various roles of
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longer product centred. It is widel
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the competence to help develop dema
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Figure 4.Survey framework: Dimensio
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gap. In our survey, the lack of con
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SUSTAINABILITY AND INDUSTRIAL DESIG
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“memories of the future” that e
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that it is quite common for compani
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3. How will sustainability change:
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e sensitive to sustainability as th
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Industrial Designers Society of Ame
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