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transparent decision-making. If politicians would assume more power and responsibility over theirdecisions, how would this impact water services sector? Would the resources to produce safe service bebetter or worse guaranteed? What if customers and citizens would be better aware of also decisionmakingrelated to water services? Would this increase or decrease resources? These are only verypreliminary thoughts and it would be the next phase (not part of this study) that we should focus ondeveloping these trends further and even create scenarios based on them.It is debatable, whether the signals we found could be considered as weak. This again is related toour choice of material and methodology. According to Hiltunen (2010, 100-102) a key characteristic ofweak signal is their low visibility, as it usually appears only in a single channel and locally. Our sources,the newspapers and magazines, however are quite widely read and their visibility is not that limited.Another criteria proposed to describe the “weakness” of signals refers to our inability to give meaning tothem (van der Heijden 1997, 8). In comparison, “strong” signals would be such that we can clearlyunderstand the potential implication. Based on this definition our finding could be characterised as weaksignals. They can be considered to be strong signals in their original context, but when they are moved tothe context of water services sector their implications are not clear and thus, they can be said torepresent weak signals.Hiltunen’s (2010, 6) informal test of weak signals, based on the reactions of colleagues, seems tosupport the claim that our findings would be weak signals. According to Hiltunen, if your colleaguesoppose a signal or it is not really talked about (taboo) it can be considered weak. We presented in acourse 1 to our colleagues the idea of bottled water replacing drinking water and were rather surprised bytheir reaction. First, there was a long silence which was followed by declarations of the stupidity of thewhole idea. It seemed that they were really upset by the sheer idea of taking bottled water seriously. Thisconfirmed our idea that it would be important to expose our sector to thinking in new ways and breakingconservative mental models to be better prepare, prevent or take advantage of events in the future.5. ConclusionsAs was discussed, it is debatable whether any of the “signals” we discovered were really weak signals byscientific definition. Similarly, we were not able to identify wild cards. Furthermore, our approach did notfollow guidelines strictly. We cannot yet show that our findings would be “correct” as weak signals and wildcards can only be judged with hindsight. However, we do not think that this exercise was useless. We havealready presented some of our findings to other people on water services sector. Reactions have rangedfrom confusion to anger. We argue that scanning for weak signals and wild cards can help one to step outof one’s comfort zone and think also about the inconvenient issues. Even if the weak signals and wild cardswould not materialize in the future, it is useful to challenge oneself and think differently.Sustainability of water services is one key issue for the well-being of people and functioning of societies.As the world changes into more complex, unpredictable and uncertain, we think this will eventually impactalso the water services sector more and more. As water services sector is static and conservative, it is not4201 The course was Management Options of Water Services and our presentation was on 14.4.2011.
very agile reacting to changes. This makes the need for long-term strategic thinking and planning evenmore evident. Scanning for weak signals and thinking about wild cards is an important part of this.Based on our experience, we argue that the potential of weak signals and wild cards approach lies inthe practical application, not in scientific strict methodology and rigid interpretations of weak signalsand wild cards.ReferencesBlewitt, John (2008) Understanding Sustainable Development”. Earthscan, London.Coffman, Bryan S. (1997) Weak Signal Research. Part I: Introduction.http://www.mgtaylor.com/mgtaylor/jotm/winter97/wsrintro.htm retrieved 15.5.2011.Dominguez, Damian (2008) Handling future uncertainty – Strategic planning for the infrastructuresector. Doctoral Dissertation, ETH Zurich, No. 17867.van der Heijde, Kees (1997) Scenarios, Strategy and the Strategy Process. Presearch, Vol. 1(1), 1-32.Heino, Ossi A. – Takala, Annina J. – Katko, Tapio S. (2011) Challenges to Finnish water and wastewaterservices in the next 20–30 years, E-Water, 01/2011.http://www.ewaonline.de/portale/ewa/ewa.nsf/home?readform&objectid=60CAFA191D51F6CDC1257876002699C6 retrieved 15.5.2011.Hiltunen, Elina (2006) Was it a Wild Card or Just Our Blindness to Gradual Change? Journal of FutureStudies, Vol. 11(2), 61-74.Hiltunen, Elina (2008a) The future sign and its three dimensions. Futures, Vol. 40(3), 247–260.Hiltunen, Elina (2008b) Good Sources of Weak Signals: A Global Study of Where Futurists Look ForWeak Signals. Journal of Futures Studies, Vol. 12(4), 21-44.Hiltunen, Elina (2010) Weak Signals in Organizational Futures Learning. Doctoral Dissertation,Helsinki School of Economics A-365.Linturi, Hannu (2003) Heikkoja signaaleja metsästämässä,http://www.futunet.org/en/materiaalit/metodit/2_metodit/3_signalix?C:D=347697&selres=347697 retrieved 16.5.2011.Mendonça, Sandro – Pina e Cunha, Miguel – Kaivo-oja, Jari – Ruff, Frank (2004) Wild cards, weaksignals and organisational improvisation. Futures, Vol. 36(2), 201-218Moijanen, Maisa (2003) Heikot signaalit tulevaisuudentutkimuksessa. Futura 4/03, 43-60.Nafday, Avinash M. (2009) Strategies for Managing the Consequences of Black Swan Events. Leadershipand Management in Engineering, Vol. 9(4), 191-197.Newman, Lenore (2005) Uncertainty, innovation, and dynamic sustainable development.Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy, Vol. 1(2), 25–31.Petersen, John L. – Steinmüller, Karlheinz (2009) Wild Cards. In Glenn, Jerome C. – Gordon, TheodoreJ. (Eds.) Futures Research Methodology Version 3.0. Electronic resource. The Millennium Project,Washington DC.Pietilä, Pekka E. – Katko, Tapio S. – Seppälä, Osmo T. (2010) Uniqueness of water services, E-Water,02/2010.http://www.ewaonline.de/portale/ewa/ewa.nsf/home?readform&objectid=7BBE56D63E38CEBDC1257727002F494A retrieved 15.4.2011.Rossel, Pierre (2009) Weak signals as a flexible framing space for enhanced management and decisionmaking.Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 21(3), 307-320.Royte, Elizabeth (2008) Bottlemania. Big Business, Local Springs, and the Battle over America’sDrinking Water. Bloomsbury, New York.Schultz, Wendy L. (2002) Environmental Scanning: A Holistic Approach to Identifying and AssessingWeak Signals of Change. http://www.infinitefutures.com/essays/prez/holescan/sld001.htmretrieved 16.5.2011.Seeck, Hannele – Lavento, Heidi – Hakala, Salli (2008). Kriisijohtaminen ja viestintä. Tapaus Nokianvesikriisi. (in Finnish, incl. English summary). Acta Publication N. 206. The Association of Finnish421
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Hanna Lakkala & Jarmo Vehmas (edito
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CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..............
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Implementation of Total responsibil
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In addition, an expert panel chaire
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GROUPING AND RANKING THE EU-27 COUN
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objects, i.e. countries. The city b
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Motorization rate (number of cars/
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Cluster 7: Italy, SpainAs can be un
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The northwestern European cluster i
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ReferencesEurostat (2011) Eurostat
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The authors applied both the SUMMA
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3.1. SUMMA examplesEmissions are a
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sector not in the paid work sector
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sustainability. While non-use and e
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Figure 5.Fund-Flow analysis of Scot
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examination concern e.g. dispersal
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These interlinked themes strongly a
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Social sustainabilitySocial sustain
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Economic sustainabilityThe existenc
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Public transport is efficient (supp
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SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BI
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1. Introduction and BackgroundThe d
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3. Case StudiesTwo alternative scen
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(methodological, spatial and time-s
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Comparing with energy uses in Campa
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ESI 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14% Renewable
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Kamm, B. - Kamm, M. (2004) Principl
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It is possible to identify five pre
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Case study applicationThe Cairngorm
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The language and terminology used b
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utility of MUSIASEM were less varie
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Our findings illustrate that relati
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McNie, E. C. 2007, "Reconciling the
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1. IntroductionRomania is a country
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Figure 2.The Manufacture sector has
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Figure 5.Between 2002 and 2006, Ele
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The database of net taxes on produc
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Serbanescu, I., 2007. Romania Under
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flows such as the residuals of prod
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Consumption (TMC) is a deriavite of
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6. Imported and Exported Material F
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points of view means that the use o
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TRENDS AND DRIVING FACTORS IN FINNI
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Figure 1.The interlinking of the fr
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Figure 3. The removal of total andc
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200150100500-50CO2FI/FECFIFECFI/VAF
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ReferencesBraczyk, P.H.J., Cooke, P
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“JUST BEGIN”A CASE STUDY IN CRE
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2. Materials and MethodsThe role of
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everyone some share in the land’s
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allowing for winter grazing and car
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Useful PrinciplesAn especially impo
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This approach necessarily has major
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POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE LEAST DE
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made interviews in a village that h
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was put on projects predominantly f
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(discussed in more detail in follow
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4. Solar Home System Program in Lao
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micro hydro has not received that m
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And the role of smaller scale solut
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has become in discourse level the m
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ReferencesBerliant, Leslie (2009) W
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DEVELOPING TIBET INTO A SPECIAL SUS
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are just a curiosity for festivals
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Environmental sustainabilityEnviron
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and towns under the reservoir. Howe
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ailways, airports and townships for
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(3) social needs: good relations an
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COPENHAGEN FAILURE AND NORTH-SOUTHD
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”whoever defines the terms of the
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Blair makes a division between deve
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Issue 3: Action suggestionsOne of t
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change as a serious problem and und
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aspects. Through the scrutiny of le
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50 000 ha are currently irrigated.
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Table 2.The main pieces of legislat
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Table 3.The main policy documents o
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However, the Zambian laws on sanita
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State House (2009). Updated on 16th
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Forum 2009). As agriculture is the
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2005; Levy and Newell 2002). These
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The virtual water ‘flows’ embed
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value given to the other members of
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countries of operation, promoting m
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Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., (2
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1723. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
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guarantee the consumer’s opportun
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3. Growth of GDP doesn’t guarante
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Veblen’s observation on the inter
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overriding of the ‘interference o
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consumption has no centre point (or
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Habermas, J., 1968. Erkenntnis und
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2010). However, people who prioriti
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Table 2.Operationalizing of attitud
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material intensity, which is driven
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225 cases of serious illness per te
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instance, to tax labor in the frame
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Anderson, A., Harris, T., Tylavsky,
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Heiskala, R. (2000). Toiminta, tapa
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Rauh, V., Arunajadai, S., Horton, M
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MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CONSUMPTION- TW
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possibilities to participate in the
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udgets were mostly selected by expe
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Figure 1.Material footprint of the
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eference budgets. A reduction in li
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Schmidt-Bleek,F. (2009) The Earth:
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A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR LIFE CYC
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Geels notes that for transitions to
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Hafkamp (2002), working from the ec
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4.1. LCT based analysis as a test f
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effect, this image establishes a vi
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management strategies, it has been
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5.2.3. Subsidiarity: Level of imple
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Council Directive. 2008. 2008/98/EC
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LAND USE FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION -
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Economic: part of the technical pot
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local food production system. Conse
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As can be seen from the graph above
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ReferencesBerndes G, Hoogwijk M, va
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DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE
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Figure 1.Dynamic and Folding Field
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esponses to an array of possible em
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Leadership and institutionsThe SEQC
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not preferable. Scenario 4: Transfo
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Figure 2.Practical responses across
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Wilber, Ken. 2001. A Theory of Ever
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2. Background and LiteratureSustain
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about environmental challenges. Sco
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interconnectedness of globalization
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ConclusionThe analysis of the data
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ReferencesAgenda 21, Chapter 36. Th
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2. Theory and LiteratureTo achieve
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There probably are professional dif
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design fields, 2 from economics and
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out. While there are some necessary
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J. (Eds.) Proceedings of LeNS Confe
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INNOVATIVE FISCAL POLICY IN THE CON
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3. A concept of innovative fiscal p
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transfers, and social contributions
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Although Finland can be ranked into
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which induced lower tax revenues -
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panacea; furthermore, unlegislated
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ReferencesAfonso, A. - Hauptmeier,
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In this paper are presented some fi
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The baseline scenario for 2011-2012
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Indirect effects: the increased wei
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AcknowledgementsThis paper was supp
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e added to the domestic hidden econ
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case when all household are involve
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(from 70.8% in 1997 to 63.1% in 200
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Appendix 1Shares of informal income
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H2 Estimations under the hypotheses
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1999). In this analysis the Finnish
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warming, growing environmental burd
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aggregate indicator. It is by no me
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Diefenbacher, H. 1994. The index of
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3147. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
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themselves - both in day-to-day bus
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3. How do we arrive at big picture?
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Figure 3.Pillars of sustainability
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That communication, networking, and
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companies already consider the sust
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1. IntroductionCompanies leading in
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Figure 1.Sources of InnovationExami
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penetration of disruptive innovatio
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introduced by Canon which eventuall
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Scenario 4 - Disruptive Era: This i
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Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J. P. 200
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1. IntroductionTotal Quality manage
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Waddock and Graves, 1997). Neverthe
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organizations to discover and creat
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undertaken to pursue a sustainable
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and ways to enhance and effectively
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Waddock, SA & Graves, SB 1997. ‘T
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the company and its stakeholders. O
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persons. About 30% of the shares ar
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working groups and board of directo
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sustainability webpages and press r
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Näsi, Juha (1995) What is stakehol
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the indirect and inter-stakeholder
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In June 2005, the presidents of Uru
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examine the stakeholder relationshi
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Union expressed its’ support to t
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The analysis of this case illustrat
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Page 374 and 375: Finally, enforceability is another
Page 376 and 377: 3.2. OverviewThe legal scholarship
Page 378 and 379: law, transnational private regulati
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Page 382 and 383: As the analyzed literature shows, t
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Page 386 and 387: documents and to correct the disclo
Page 388 and 389: 2.2. The EU CSR disclosure regimeSi
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Page 392 and 393: 2011). More fundamental criticisms
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Page 396 and 397: unexpected side effects as well. As
Page 398 and 399: HEITZMAN, S., WASLEY, C. E. & ZIMME
Page 400 and 401: 4008. FUTURES METHODS
Page 402 and 403: 1. IntroductionThe Finnish society
Page 404 and 405: Figure 2.An analysis on effectivene
Page 406 and 407: In the following the scenarios are
Page 408 and 409: Development corresponds closest to
Page 410 and 411: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD CARDS AND
Page 412 and 413: infrastructure sector. Thus, the ne
Page 414 and 415: consulted the right experts or if w
Page 416 and 417: Tampere area and Lapin Kansa is pub
Page 418 and 419: Here are just a few examples of the
Page 422 and 423: Local and Regional Authorities.http
Page 424 and 425: DELPHI ON TRANSPORT AND CO 2 EMISSI
Page 426 and 427: which had offered little informatio
Page 428 and 429: and sidewalks. The use and ownershi
Page 430 and 431: very slow decrease after the year 2
Page 432 and 433: emissions of the car, and the annua
Page 434 and 435: Finnish Government (2008) Long-term
Page 436 and 437: ANALYSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROA
Page 438 and 439: developed countries but not globall
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Page 442 and 443: analysis and literature survey form
Page 444 and 445: However, the survey did not give in
Page 446 and 447: DETR (1999) Sustainable distributio
Page 448 and 449: complex and systematic understandin
Page 450 and 451: The structure and aims of the paper
Page 452 and 453: Table 1.Steps of the ANT-derived me
Page 454 and 455: After the first iteration the impor
Page 456 and 457: in the real world? Since the lack o
Page 458 and 459: SMALL STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRAN
Page 460 and 461: Quantitative content analysis was p
Page 462 and 463: general, attitudes towards car tax
Page 464 and 465: Future orientation of the discussio
Page 466 and 467: public, there were little possibili
Page 468 and 469: 46810. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
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meaningful components and compares
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fuel combustion. Positive values fo
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We analyse the changes in the count
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200180160140120100806040200Activity
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has had considerable impact on CO 2
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The structural decomposition analys
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Intensity effect on Final Energy Co
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%China, factors affecting CO 2 emis
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4. ConclusionsThe decomposition ana
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MICROALGAE AS A BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK:
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are dominating the international ag
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3.1.3. BiodiversityBiodiversity is
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Moreover, people attach more and mo
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important role in tackling with or
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Spolaore P., Joannis C. C., Duran E
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DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONSK.
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disciplines and socialised in diffe
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5. Corporate contextKSB is a medium
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Most important, BOS does not touch
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ongoing or expected changes in the
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1Idea andevaluation2Clarif. ofobjec
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Arthur. 2009. The Nature of Technol
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SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS IN DESIGN
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Figure 1.Left: The various roles of
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longer product centred. It is widel
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the competence to help develop dema
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Figure 4.Survey framework: Dimensio
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gap. In our survey, the lack of con
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SUSTAINABILITY AND INDUSTRIAL DESIG
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“memories of the future” that e
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that it is quite common for compani
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3. How will sustainability change:
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e sensitive to sustainability as th
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Industrial Designers Society of Ame
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