Historical Dictionary of Terrorism Third Edition

82 • BLACK ORDERoffering a $1 million bounty for her capture. On 11 December 2006Dave Jones, the president of the New Jersey State Troopers FraternalAssociation, led a group of New York and New Jersey police groupsin protesting the naming of a community room at the City College ofNew York by a coalition of leftist student groups as the GuillermoMorales/Assatur Shakur Community Center in honor of Chesimardand William Morales of the Armed Forces of National Liberation.BLACK ORDER. The Ordine Nero was an Italian nonstate, revolutionaryFascist group that sought to destroy the democratic governmentin Italy. The Black Order was the violent successor to the NewOrder party, which had been suppressed as a proscribed neo-Fascistorganization in 1973 and was thought to have had ties to the ItalianSocial Movement, another neo-Fascist group.Among its terrorist actions, in 1976 the group assassinated JudgeVittorio Occorsio, who had earlier helped ban the New Order. Thegroup targeted left-wing supporters, usually by indiscriminate bombingsof public places. On 4 August 1974 the group bombed a train onthe Munich-Bologna route, killing 12 people. On 2 August 1980 itbombed the Bologna railway station, killing more than 80 and injuringaround 200 people. Bologna was targeted apparently because ofthe domination of the city government by Italian Communists.At its height the Black Order numbered around 300 followers. Followingthe conviction in 1978 of its leader, Pierluigi Concutelli, forthe murder of Judge Occorsio, the group’s prominence in the far rightwas overtaken by that of the Armed Revolutionary Nuclei (NAR).BLACK PANTHERS. The Black Panther Party was a group foundedin October 1966 by Huey Newton (1942–1989) and Bobby Seale(1937– ) that promoted a revolutionary black ethnonationalism.While Panthers sought, among other things, amnesty for all blackprisoners, comprehensive welfare benefits for black Americans, andexemption from military service for all black Americans, the notorietyof the group came from its drift into revolutionary violence. Likemany other radical groups born of the radicalism of the late 1960s,such as the Weather Underground and the Red Army Faction,the Panthers were revolutionary insofar as they sought to fight whatthey perceived to be a racist capitalist system but also appeared tobe anarchistic insofar as they lacked a clear program for creating analternative social order.