Historical Dictionary of Terrorism Third Edition

238 • HARAKAT UL MUJAHIDEENhad been followed by the release of the hostages unharmed. Afterone of the American captives escaped, village women discovered thebody and severed head of a Norwegian hostage on 13 August 1995,along with a note threatening to kill the remaining hostages unless 15imprisoned comrades were released. In a clash between al Faran andIndian army troops on 4 December 1995, the leader of the al Faranunit was killed and discovered to be an Afghan named Abdul HamidTurki. After many alleged sightings of the hostages, by May 1996 theIndian army learned the remaining hostages had been killed and triedto locate their remains.In 1994 HUA member Ahmad Omar Saeed Sheikh kidnappedthree British tourists, who were freed in a raid by Indian securityforces that led to Sheikh’s capture, conviction, and imprisonment.After the 1999 hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight IC 814, the passengersbeing held hostage were traded for his release, along with therelease of other leaders of the Harakat ul Mujahideen, who then leftfor Pakistan. On 12 February 2002 Sheikh was arrested by Pakistanipolice in Lahore, in conjunction with the 23 January 2002 kidnappingof the Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. Sheikh wassubsequently tried by Pakistan’s Antiterrorism Court for his role inthe kidnapping and subsequent murder of Pearl and was sentenced todeath on 15 July 2002.The HUA claimed to have militants operating not only in theIndian-controlled portion of Kashmir but also in Bosnia, the Philippines,and Tajikistan.HARAKAT UL MUJAHIDEEN (HUM). The Harakat ul Mujahideen,or Mujahideen Movement, is an Islamic fundamentalist groupseeking Kashmiri independence from India. The original HUM wasa splinter group that emerged from the Harakat al Jihad al Islami in1985. In 1993 the group merged with the Harakat al Jihad al Islamiof the Afghan Mujahideen and adopted the new name Harakat ulAnsar. In an attempt to evade the consequences of the Harakat ul Ansarbeing listed as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) in 1997 bythe United States, the group resumed its former name of the Harakatul Mujahideen. In the wake of the World Trade Center and PentagonAttacks of September 11, 2001, the HUM was also listed as anFTO. That, coupled with an ensuing Pakistani crackdown, led to theHUM also operating under another name, the Jamiat al Ansar.