Historical Dictionary of Terrorism Third Edition

296 • ISLAMIC FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF BAHRAINor was expelled, from Amal but founded Islamic Amal in the vicinityof Baalbak, which had become a guerrilla training center run byIran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps. Musawi was implicatedin the 19 July 1982 kidnapping of David Dodge, the presidentof the American University in Beirut, and in the October 1983 truckbombings of the French and U.S. multinational forces. In November1983, Israel and France launched retaliatory air strikes on Musawi’sBaalbak headquarters but without harming Musawi.Musawi continued to speak in the name of Islamic Amal as late as1986, but it is believed that Islamic Amal was incorporated wholesaleinto the framework of Hezbollah and that the fiction of IslamicAmal as a separate entity was kept alive as a form of disinformationto confuse Hezbollah’s enemies.ISLAMIC FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF BAHRAIN.This was a nonstate group of Islamic fundamentalist Shi’ite Bahrainisseeking to create a revolution in Bahrain under Iranian statesponsorship. The Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain wasfounded in March 1979 by Hujjatulislam Hadi al Mudarissi, a youngIraqi clergyman who had lived in Najaf, Iraq, as a member of RuhallahKhomeini’s entourage, who was given asylum in Bahrainafter he fled Iraq in the late 1970s. His brother, Muhammad Taqi alMudarissi, founded the Islamic ‘Amal Party to promote an Islamicrevolution in Iraq, which was eventually merged into the SupremeCouncil for the Islamic Revolution of Iraq, an umbrella organizationfounded in Tehran by Iraqi Shi’ite revolutionaries and headed by theal Da’wa Party of Iraq. Hadi al Mudarissi was financed by two Iranianrevolutionary foundations used to front subversive adventuresabroad, namely, the Founda tion for the Oppressed and the LiberationMovements Office. Hadi al Mudarissi moved back to Najaf followingthe fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003.On 13 December 1981 the security police of Bahrain and Dubai arresteda total of 60 people, six of them students in transit to Bahrain, atDubai International Airport on charges of illegal possession of firearmsand explosives, membership in a subversive organization, conspiracyto overthrow the government, and collaboration with a hostile foreignpower. Thirteen other people were later arrested in areas of Bahrainoutside the capital of Manama. Substantial material evidence in additionto confessions of those arrested indicated that Iran had been