Historical Dictionary of Terrorism Third Edition

tity. Because anarchistic leftists reject the hierarchy and authority oftheir parents, they tend to chose a cellular organization with littlehierarchical structure, whereas ethnonationalists accept hierarchy intheir political front and military wings and accept subordination to authoritieswithin their nationalist and separatist organizations. In eithercase the alienated group has some set of alternative values to which itsubscribes, which provide a political ideology or guide to action.ALPHA 66. Anti-Castro Cuban exile group centered in Miami, Florida,made up mainly of Cubans of African descent. Alpha 66 plannedraids on Cuba and bombings of Cuban interests abroad but wasfoiled in a plan to conduct a raid on Cuba when one of its operatives,Francisco Avila Azcuy, turned out to be a double agent, both forCuban intelligence and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),and provided information sufficient to convict seven members forviolating the Neutrality Act. Cuban authorities claim that Alpha 66,in tandem with other anti-Castro exile groups, has been responsiblefor 15 bombings since 1994, when another Alpha 66 operation wasfoiled by U.S. authorities.AL QA’EDA. See QA’EDA, AL.AL QA’EDA IN IRAQ. See QA’EDA IN IRAQ, AL.AL QA’EDA IN THE ISLAMIC MAGHREB. See QA’EDA INTHE ISLAMIC MAGHREB, AL.AL SA’IQA. See SA’IQA, AL.AL TAHRIR AL ISLAMI. See TAHRIR AL ISLAMI, AL.AMAL • 17AMAL. Amal (Arabic, meaning “hope,” also the acronym of Afwajal Muqawama al Lubnaniya, Lebanese Resistance Detachments) isa political and paramilitary Islamic fundamentalist organizationrepresenting the Shi’a of Lebanon. Although a nonstate actor, Amalhas a political infrastructure and gained territorial control over largeareas of West Beirut and southern Lebanon during the early phasesof the Lebanese civil war that began in 1975. After the 1978–1979revolution in Iran, Amal enjoyed some support from the Iranianrevolutionary government. After 1982, however, Iran began to formthe rival Hezbollah militia under its sponsorship and Amal turned toSyrian sponsorship instead.