Historical Dictionary of Terrorism Third Edition

570 • QUTB, SAYYIDby the actions of the FLQ, many Canadians nonetheless criticized thegovernment of Pierre Trudeau for imposing the War Measures Actas being an excessive response, and, particularly within Quebec, asa measure that discriminated against French-speaking Canadians. By29 December 1970, around 453 suspects had been arrested and heldunder the War Measures Act, although only 18 of them were everformally charged and prosecuted for FLQ-related activities. The WarMeasures Act expired in January 1971, but ordinary police powersresulted in a dozen arrests of key FLQ members that year. FLQ theoreticianPierre Vallières (1938–1998), who had publicly repudiatedthe FLQ on 10 December 1970, surfaced in December 1971, callingon FLQ members to desist from terrorism. The FLQ was dormantfrom then until the electoral victory of the Parti Québécois in provincialelections in 1976, by which time most former FLQ members hadopted to seek separatism through the Parti Québécois. From 1963 to1971, when the bombings stopped, the FLQ killed about nine peopleand carried out almost 200 bombings, as well as numerous bank robberiesand the two political kidnappings.Following the narrow defeat on 30 October 1995 of the PartiQuébécois–sponsored provincial referendum on secession from Canada,a former convicted FLQ bomber, Raymond Villeneuve, formeda new group, the Quebec National Liberation Movement (Mouvementde Libération Nationale du Québec), urging French-speakingQuébécois to use harassment, and other forms of intimidation orviolence, to drive English speakers from the province so that Frenchspeakers could achieve independence by whatever means possible.In 2000 the group known as the Brigade d’Autodéfense du Français(BAF), or French Language Self-Defense Brigade, led by Rhéal Mathieu,one of the founders of the FLQ, firebombed three Second Cupcoffee-shop outlets and a church hosting a meeting of the AllianceQuebec, an Anglophone-rights advocacy group, for which Mathieuwas convicted in 2001 and sentenced to serve six months in prison.Follwing Mathieu’s conviction, the BAF firebombed seven McDonald’srestaurants. Both McDonald’s and Second Cup were targetedfor using their incorporated English trade names within Quebec.Since then this group has remained inactive.QUTB, SAYYID (1903–1966). Egyptian Muslim theologian, socialthinker and activist, and leader within the Muslim Brotherhood.