Historical Dictionary of Terrorism Third Edition

CARLOS • 93Chevron buses used to transport workers. In the most serious incidentthat year, in December, FLEC murdered three Angolan employees ofChevron. In February 1993 FLEC kidnapped an officer of the UnitedNations Angola Verification Mission, who was released unharmedthree weeks later. In May 1993 forces of FLEC and UNITA reportedlyjoined together in an attack on the Cabinda Gulf Oil Company,which is managed by Chevron International of America, and tookseveral Portuguese workers hostage. In January 1995 FLEC tookcredit for a mortar attack on the Chevron administration building inMalongo. On 8 February 1997 FLEC and the Forcas Armadas deLibertação (FAC) kidnapped and threatened to kill two forest workers,one Malaysian and one Filipino, whom they accused of spyingfor the Angolan government. On 23 March and 22 April 1998 FLEC-FAC kidnapped three Portuguese construction workers. On theseoccasions FLEC-FAC issued warnings to all foreign companies toleave Cabinda to deprive the Angolan government of the oil revenuesit needed.One breakaway faction of FLEC, calling itself the FLEC-Renovada,signed a separate peace accord with the Angolan government in August2006 that has been denounced by the parent FLEC-FAC body.CARLOS (1949– ). Carlos, “the Jackal,” whose true name was IlichRamírez Sánchez, was a Venezuelan-born terrorist who becamebriefly notorious in the mid-1970s before sinking into obscurity.Born into a middle-class but Communist family, Sánchez was namedin honor of Lenin. Later he went to a Cuban youth camp and ultimatelyattended Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow but wasexpelled in 1971 for frivolity. Others maintain that he was reallyrecruited as a Soviet intelligence (KGB) agent and that the expulsionwas faked to maintain his cover.Using the nom de guerre “Carlos,” Sánchez went to Paris, wherehe took command of a Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine(PFLP) cell in the early 1970s. He is believed to have madean assassination attempt on 31 December 1973 against Marks andSpencer magnate Teddy Zieff, who was injured but not killed dueto a gun malfunction. Carlos was implicated in terrorist bombingsof three pro-Israeli newspapers and an attempt to destroy an El Alairliner at Orly airport in 1975, but is best remembered for his role inthe OPEC Siege at the OPEC Secretariat headquarters in Vienna on