Historical Dictionary of Terrorism Third Edition

HAWARI • 241race, religion, ethnicity or national origin, or sexual orientation of thevictim as sufficient ground to designate a particular predicate offenseas a hate crime. If a crime incident shows evidence that the offenderwas motivated in part by one of the biases, then it is presumed to bea hate crime. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Actof 1994 mandates enhanced sentences for convictions for predicatehate crimes. It should be noted, however, that not only is there nocommon definition of hate crimes between national governments,there is also no common definition among the U.S. federal and stategovernments and that as late as 1998 there were 12 states that did nothave their own hate crime statutes. By 2006 only five states did nothave hate crimes statutes.Despite much publicity about the supposed prevalence of hatecrimes in the United States, they represent a tiny portion of totalfelonies recorded annually: in 2005 there were 8,380 recorded hatecrimes out of a base figure of roughly 12 million felonies. In 2007 thefigure had dropped to 7,624 recorded hate crimes.HAWARI. The Hawari group was the special operations group of thecentral security and intelligence apparatus of Yasir Arafat’s al Fatah,the core group within the Palestine Liberation Organization(PLO). As such it shared the revolutionary goals of its parent groupand also was a nonstate actor. Hawari took its name from its leader,Colonel Hawari, a pseudonym for Abdullah Abdulhamid Labib. Thisgroup had been operating since 1985, after absorbing several formermembers of the May 15 Organization, including MohammadRashid, believed responsible for the bombing of a Pan Am jet overHonolulu on 11 August 1982.The group also operated under the names of Martyrs of Tal al Za’atarand Amn Araissi. In April 1985 Hawari bombed the Rome office ofthe Syrian state airline and in Geneva bombed a Libyan airline’s officeand a Syrian diplomat’s car. In June 1985 Hawari bombed the Genevarailway station. On 2 April 1986 Hawari bombed Trans World AirlinesFlight 840 en route from Cairo to Athens, killing four Americans. InAugust 1986 a Hawari terrorist team was captured in Morocco plottingto carry out attacks there in retaliation for Morocco’s reception of theIsraeli leader, Shimon Peres. In March 1987 French police arrested Hawarioperatives and seized explosives and firearms, leading to ColonelHawari’s conviction and sentencing by a French court in absentia for