Historical Dictionary of Terrorism Third Edition

416 • MARIGHELLA, CARLOSIn the period 1988–1994, the FPMR-D conducted 26 attacks, sixagainst diplomatic targets, 15 against Mormon churches and temples,one against a military target, and four against business targets. Thelast FPMR-D attack was a bombing on 18 August 1994 of the buildinghousing the U.S. engineering and construction firm Fluor Daniel.With the decline in Cuban and other foreign support, the FPMR-Dceased to operate after 1994.Another FPMR-D leader, Enrique Villanueva, also known as ElCommandante Eduardo, fled to Cuba on 16 April 1997; PatricioOrtiz fled to Switzerland in June 1997, where he was granted politicalasylum. The other three prisoners who had escaped the Santiagoprison also made it to Cuba by July 1997.MARIGHELLA, CARLOS (1911–1969). Brazilian terrorist and theoristof terrorism best known for his tract the Manual of the UrbanGuerrilla, written in June 1969, which has often been called a masterpieceon terrorist strategy. He differed with the theory propoundedby Ernesto “Che” Guevara in his Guerrilla Warfare insofar as Guevaraemphasized guerrilla warfare in rural areas, whereas Marighellabelieved that urban-based insurgencies would be more effective.Specialists in political violence and terrorism have found littleoriginality in Marighella’s discussion of terrorist tactical doctrine andhave found the tract also to be quite devoid of any discussion of themoral dimensions of terrorist action. Nonetheless, this book has beenavidly read by sympathizers and other would-be terrorists, who havetaken Marighella’s prescriptions very much to heart. For instance,Marighella wrote in the Manual that no Marxist revolution wouldsucceed in the United States until white college radicals joined forceswith black prison inmates. Groups such as the Symbionese LiberationArmy and the Revolutionary Armed Task Force proceeded tofollow this precept quite literally. Because of the popularity of thiswork among revolutionary leftists, many Latin American and Europeancountries have banned its publication and distribution.As a former Executive Committee member of the Brazilian CommunistParty and elected member of the national legislature whohad become disillusioned with the ineffectiveness of political action,Marighella embraced the notion of “violence before politics” in1967 when he left the Brazilian Communist Party and helped founda leftist terrorist group called the Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN),