Historical Dictionary of Terrorism Third Edition

464 • MUSLIM BROTHERHOODnations in cracking down on Ikhwan-affiliated groups operatingacross their mutual borders. In the 1980s the Libyan Ikhwan renameditself the Libyan Islamic Group and sought recognition andreconciliation with Qaddafi. On 2 March 2006 the Libyan governmentreleased some 132 Ikhwan members who had been held aspolitical prisoners.The various Ikhwan organizations have had histories of usingassassination, military attacks, and arson or bombing of bars,nightclubs, or hotels as means to force Muslim states to heed theiragenda when they have otherwise been repressed by those governmentsor else been denied full political participation. In the period1990–1991, while Muslim states such as Jordan, Algeria, and Tunisiahave allowed greater scope to electoral and parliamentary processes,the Ikhwan-generated Islamic political parties have scoredimpressive electoral victories. In this regard one should note thatpolitical violence and terrorist actions have erupted in Algeria andTunisia only after the secular governments there have taken stepsto nullify the electoral gains of such groups. In the same period, thevarious Ikhwan organizations have sought more coordination andmutual assistance. Following the Tunisian government’s crackdownin 1991 on the Islamic Tendency Movement, the government of Sudan,then dominated by Ikhwan members, gave the leader of the Tunisiangroup refuge. The Ikhwan-dominated Sudanese governmentalso allowed the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps andLebanese Hezbollah to set up training bases in Sudan, while theIslamic Republic of Iran declared its support for the Ikhwan-basedpolitical parties in Algeria and Tunisia, which were denied electoralvictories in 1991.In Jordan, following the conclusion of formal peace with Israel in1994, the Ikhwan group there undertook measures to oppose normalizationof relations with Israel by drawing up a “blacklist” of about300 Jordanians accused of consorting with the enemy by visitingIsrael and engaging in trade, artistic exchanges, and tourism betweenthe two nations. These individuals and associated firms were to beeconomically boycotted by Ikhwan followers. The vocal dissent ofthe Ikhwan increased toward the end of King Hussein’s life and theperiod of succession of King Abdullah, during which time Jordanianofficials have relaxed some of their restrictions on expressions ofdissent.