Historical Dictionary of Terrorism Third Edition

154 • DISAPPEARANCESIn November 2001 President Fox ordered a special prosecutor, IgnacioCarrillo Prieto, to investigate the Tlatelolco massacre and some275 other killings carried out by the government. On 5 November2003 the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that some 74 former governmentofficials could be investigated and prosecuted for the dirty warcampaign. In December 2003 the special prosecutor’s office undertookinvestigations of the dirty war campaign that ran from the 1960sto the 1980s in which some 650 leftists disappeared during a securitycrackdown, one that was particularly fierce in the state of Guerrero.In February 2004 the former head of the secret police, Miguel NazarHaro, was arrested for the alleged torture and murder of a studentleftist leader, Jesús Piedra Ibarra, who disappeared in 1975 followinghis arrest. In July 2004 the special prosecutor ordered the arrest offormer President Luis Echeverría, who in 1968 had been the interiorminister in charge of the crackdown at Tlatelolco, on charges that he,two aides, and three military officers had murdered student protestorsin 1971. However, on 31 August 2004 the Mexican Supreme Courtdismissed the charges.DISAPPEARANCES. See DIRTY WAR(S); GUATEMALAN NA-TIONAL REVOLUTIONARY UNION.DOUBLING. Psychological term describing the splitting of the selfinto two functional wholes, one being the original personality andthe other “part-self” being another personality capable of acting independentlyfrom the main personality. With regard to terrorist recruitmentand training, the process of the indoctrination of the recruit, thedemonization of the enemy or enemies of the terrorist group, and theconstant training in the use of arms and rehearsing of planned attacksproduces a new “terrorist personality” capable of carrying out attacksand killing targeted victims automatically and with little or no senseof hesitation or remorse. The condition was first described by RobertJay Lifton in his book The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and thePsychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986).DOUKHOBORS. Also known as the Sons of Freedom, or Freedomites,the Doukhobors, whose name is actually Russian for “spirit wrestlers,”are members of a Russian Christian sect who immigratedto Canada in 1899. They comprise a nonstate communal religiousgroup that adheres to a radical ideal of freedom and antiauthori-