The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

CONTENTSII. The European security context 120III. The European defence context 122IV. How is the European Security and Defence Policy being 126used for capability targets?V. What are the operational demands and planning 131requirements?VI. Conclusions: the way forward 138Figure 6.1. Total military expenditure of EU member states and military 124expenditure of the USA, 1989–2003Table 6.1. Indicative upper limits of the Petersberg Tasks, by analogy 132and description7. The impact of EU capability targets and operational demands on 141defence concepts and planning: the case of SwedenLars WedinI. Introduction 141II. The defence budget 143III. Policy and strategy 144IV. Capabilities 146V. Conclusions 1498. ‘Not only, but also Nordic’: the European Security and Defence 150Policy and its implications for alternative frameworks of NordiccooperationJesper L. ChristensenI. Introduction 150II. Understanding Norden: security traditions, characteristics 151and the three ‘pillars’III. Testing alternative frameworks against real-world conditions 163IV. Conclusions 165Figure 8.1. The Nordic security dynamic 152Figure 8.2. The framework generator 1629. Hardware politics, ‘hard politics’ or ‘where, politics?’: Nordic 167defence equipment cooperation in the EU contextBjörn HagelinI. Introduction 167II. Nordic defence equipment cooperation 167III. Non-Nordic arms cooperation 175IV. Conclusions 179Table 9.1. Swedish foreign defence-industrial cooperation agreements, 1721993–2003Table 9.2. Major weapon deliveries from the Nordic countries in the 176period 1993–2003Table 9.3. Foreign shareholders in Swedish defence companies 178vii